Case Study of Architect Abdul Harris Othman

THEORIES OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISMIntroductionAbdul Harris Othman was born in Pokok Sena, Kedah on 4th April 1957. He grew up in Jitra, Kedah and started to prosecute his survey in Australia in 1975 after he won the Colombo Plan Scholarship. He returned to Malaysia after 10 old ages to function the state. He has designated as Principal designer of KLCC and the designer of record for Petronas Twin towers in the twelvemonth of 1992. Armed with these experiences, he established his ain architectural pattern with the aim to supply first architectural and urban design services. Designed by Abdul Harris Othman, the Serendah House is located at the Serendah territory, Rawang in Malaysia. The house attempts to make a new genre for residential architecture that meets the modern modern-day demands of client but at the same clip presents the state heritage and individuality. This house has nominated for several awards globally such as the Aga Khan Award for Architecture for 2005-2007 rhythm and the ARCASIA Gold Medal Award 2003 This paper attempts to convey an apprehension of the architect’s architectural theory through the observation and analysis of Serendah Houe. Using this architecture as primary text, this undertaking is to analyse and analyze the Serendah House in relation to its relevant architectural theories, societal, cultural and rational context.AnalysisClimateThe Serendah House is located at the border of a golf class, next to a wood modesty. Situating in the thick of a wood hill, the design has a great potency in incorporating the climatic factors into its spacial and massing planning. First and first, the major infinites in the house such as the chief deck, life and dining country and the maestro sleeping room are designed confronting to west to capture the green position and the beauty of the Sun set. We have known that the long facade of a edifice facing to east and west will increase the heat addition of the house. However, the west side of the selected site is surrounded by abundant of trees. The designer used the advantage of the site to orientate most of the major infinites confronting west to border a romantic position to the house. Due to the ideal geographical contour, the trees surrounded besides act as the shading devices for infinites like maestro sleeping room, gallery and the chief deck. For the facade confronting east which is non covered by trees, the designer has minimized the gaps to cut down heat addition into the house. Despite the assistance of the bing trees, the design of the roof construction with deep roof eaves, wickets, louvres and operable folding door at the facade besides provide shade over Sun yet let indirect natural visible radiation to perforate the interior infinites. The living country, dining country, chief deck, gallery and maestro sleeping rooms are besides designed to be unfastened or with big gaps to catch the prevailing air current, therefore the house gets first-class airing. The house was designed around the natural contour and bing trees. Assortment of gaps, Windowss timber wickets, roof spreads and louvres that positioned to be confronting the prevailing zephyr provide maximal transverse airing while the hot air will be drawn upwards, to be dispelled through the air current tower. The suites in the house are stacked up non merely for the intent of stack consequence airing but besides to cut down the impact to the wood. Sometimes, the house will acquire excessively blowy at the hillside during dark clip as the chief infinites are confronting the optimal air current way. The encircled trees are happened to be the natural parka at this point. Besides, the designer has intelligently integrated the benefit of the site contour in be aftering the drainage of the house. The broad overhang eaves aid to cast the rain H2O and the deep angle roof directs the rain H2O to the margin without the usage of troughs into the wood, reduced the impact of building to the environing wood. The designer has designed a roof garden extension with a studio infinite below it for the house. The green roof is non merely a great chilling device for the studio below ; it is besides an attack in returning the green land to the nature.ClientThe client of the Serendah house influenced the design of the house physically and spiritually. The client, Nor Aliza Abu Bakar is an creative person with strong sensitiveness to her Malays tradition and Muslim roots, a modern yet dynamic concern adult female. To do this architecture more interesting is that the client besides happened to be the married woman of the designer. Both of them shared a batch of similarities that influenced the design of the house. The purpose of the design purpose is to make a separation between the â€Å"real universe † and the â€Å"illusion† . Harmonizing to the perceptual experience of the client, her ‘real world’ is her private universe and female parent nature whereby the ‘ill usion’ is mentioning to the mundane, public, work, pandemonium and day-to-day swot. In accomplishing the construct of the client, the entryway door, tower and walls at the signifier a symbolic and physical boundary between the two universes. The heavy mass entryway tower contrasts with the visible radiation and aired atmosphere inside, supplying a feeling of come ining the private kingdom for the client. The openness interior infinites that exposed to the beauty of the nature blurred the boundaries between interior and outside, so the client can be in touch with the nature peacefully, reminding her fugitive presence in this planet. In order to heighten the major infinites quality, the private infinites that ruling the private activities of the client such as maestro sleeping room and studio for the client are exposed to the juicy verdure positions. As the client is an creative person, she is able to work in her studio that surrounded by verdure position, as a manner to acquire inspiration. The privateness of the client is concerned while be aftering the layout of the house. Due to the topography contour which is at the border of a hill side confronting the jungle, the client can bask different beds of forest position while standing in different place in the house. The upper portion of the house offers a dramatic distant wood position and it is continuously cooled by the prevailing zephyr, picturing a restful atmosphere while the private infinites such as the maestro sleeping room and studio are positioned at the lower land exposed to the nearest wood positions, offering the closest existent nature image to the client. Therefore, the noise from the exterior, public and semi-private country of the house at the upper land floor degree ( entrance degree ) can be minimize to the lower limit through the well-designed spatial layout, meanwhile it meets the construct of ‘real world’ and ‘illusion’ by the separation of difficult and soft landscape, pub lic and private country. To complement the individuality of the client, the designer borrowed the infinites such as ‘serambi’ the gallery, ‘pangkin’ the raised platform and ‘para’ ventilated kitchen shelves from the traditional slang campong house into the Serendah House. The ground of making that is because the designer and client both have a common apprehension towards their civilization and background. Hence the design of the house must be relevant to their Malayans civilization yet run into their modern life style and needs as to supply the sense of belonging.TheoriesBased onThe Phenomenon of Place by Christian Noberg-Schulz, architecture should hold the ability to do the environment meaningful through the creative activity of specific topographic points. ( Norberg-Schulz, 1995 ) The Serendah House can be defined as a meaningful topographic point for the client as it is her escape path for her day-to-day hustle modus operandi. The designer has designed harmonizing t o the human experience alternatively of barely functional agreement of infinites. The client’s needs, her backgrounds and her thought have been taken into consideration in making a piece of architecture that belongs to her but non merely a conventional house. The ‘genius loci’ of the Serendah House introduced the spirit of a Malayan house that situated at the hill side exposed to the forest positions. The designer to the full utilized the advantage of site in making the religious topographic point for the client by unfastened up the position to the tropical alcoholic verdure, bring in the female parent nature into the house. One of the maestro jury fromGold Medal, ARCASIA Award 2003has explained that: â€Å"This house has a strong physical presence. But at the same clip it has blended harmoniously with the cragged nature of the site and surroundings†¦the sensitiveness towards different spacial elements are all manifested into a fantastic expression† The Serendah House enhances the spirit of nature scene, denotes a life to the hilly side by infixing the client’s experience into it. In order to make sense of topographic point for the client, the designer has meticulously positioning every infinites in the house based on the clime, societal and cultural context. The distant hills and verdure provide ocular pleasance while the zephyr gives alleviation from the energy salvaging run downing humidness of the metropolis. The silence of the wood is a great assistance for relaxation. The designer has successfully gives the infinite a specific character. When the client lives indoors, she will be able to orientate herself, and has individuality herself with the environment. The client is able to orientate herself, has individuality about how she is in the topographic point. As an creative person, the house is designed in such manner that allowed her to prosecute her ain ‘private’ universe closest to the Mother Nature. T he client herself stated that the house has a harmonious balance and trade with paradoxes. It is cosmopolitan yet personal, non intrusive and non overpowering. She is satisfied as the house met her demands both spiritually and functionally. Based on the Prospects for a Critical Regionalism by Kenneth Frampton, intercrossed universe civilization will merely came into being through a cross fertilisation between frozen civilization on the one manus and cosmopolitan civilisation on the other. ( Frampton, 1995 ) Therefore, in denoting a new genre of Malayan lodging architecture, Harris has blended the state heritage individuality into the design while accommodating the modern-day societal demands of a house. He believes that a good piece of architecture in this epoch should be able to talk a local yet cosmopolitan linguistic communication. For Serendah House, it deals with the paradoxes. From the transmutation of the stiff concreteness at the entryway tower to the interior dynamic infinites with openness program reveal the combination of the attacks of the designer in uniting the slang and modern architecture together. The usage of concrete construction for the tower and chief construction reveals the cosmopolitan linguistic communication for modern-day architectural stuffs while the lumber construction represents the tropical civilization scene of the house in Malaysia. Critical regionalism suggests the usage of local stuffs and craftmanship, and reactivity to visible radiation and and clime. In this instance, the designer has extensively used the local stuffs such as chengal lumber, ,resak lumber, belian lumber herpes zosters wood, and sand rock slate floors to showcase the presence of the house in response to the tropical scene. He has the designer has intelligently integrated the local stuffs with modern lodging architecture that response to climatic factors. The incursion of natural visible radiation and cross airing through the lumber wickets, lourves and turn uping door show the integrating of basic cardinal elements rule of the peculiar site in farther enhancing that the design is a site-specific architecture. The house is non intended to simply denote the slang ; it does combined interaction of clime, civilization and trade that express the critical regional individuality.Discussion and DecisionSerendah House has no uncertainty in stand fori ng its designing designer, Abdul Harris Othman. Overviewing from his childhood background, educational exposure and working experiences, the award winning Serendah House shows his architectural perceptual experience and theories towards architecture today. From the analysis of the external contributing above, the attacks of the designer in planing the Serendah House have been implemented exhaustively from climatic facet, the demands of clients, contextual and senses facets. It is decidedly a state house that represents the Malaysia context architecture yet non abandoning the cognition that he learned from the West about the modern architecture theory. The house might hold paradoxes in uniting the modern and common architecture. At the first glimpse, one might experience it looks excessively traditional or symbolical to Malay’s common architecture while most lodging these yearss have taken the modern modern-day subject to their place redevelopment design and the traditional elements of the state are hardly seeable except in the types of ornaments used within the place itself in Malaysia. The signifier of the roof of the Serendah house is chiefly influenced by the architect’s background that exposed to a batch of transverse civilization tradition such as Bidayuh and Thai. Through his extensively travel experience, he besides aware the transmutation of modern architecture and the importance of cultural individuality of a state. His sensitiveness towards cultural context inspires him to come across with a design that fulfills the modern and cultural heritage individuality. Our ain state tends to pretermit the ain unique individuality by seting the postmodern design construct without sing whether it is contextually suited or non. In fact, architecture in Malaysia or in tropical regional context should be incorporating the modern functional design yet uniting with the local context individuality. The hybridisation of the functional modern design standards and the spirit of the contextual siteshould be farther heightening in the lodging architecture in Malaysia. The signifier of the Serendah House might be non every bit appealing as other lodging design, but its meaning evokes the liquors of the tropical alcoholic forest Malaysia context that able to remind one’s presence in the planet when you been to the house. Harris has taken a great enterprise in conveying a new coevals of Malaysia residential architecture which can be identified globally as a great piece of Malaysia Architecture but non simply a great piece of architecture. The construct ofmastermind venueis exellently adapted. MentionsAndo, T. ( 1995 ) . Toward New Horizons In Architecture. In K. Nesbitt,Speculating A New Agenda For Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory 1965-1995( pp. 458-461 ) . New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Chan, E. J. ( 2013, June 28 ) .Architechnique Theme for DaATUM: KL 2013. Retrieved from The Edge Malaysia: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.theedgemalaysia.com/property/243348-architechnique-theme-for-datum-kl-2013.html Davies, C. ( 2011 ) . Chapter4: Space. In C. Davies,Thinking About Architecture: An Introduction to Architectural Theory( pp. 62-81 ) . London: Laurence King Publishinhg. Frampton, K. ( 1995 ) . Propects For A Critical Regionalism. In K. Nesbitt,Speculating A New Agenda For Architecture: An Anthology of Architecture Theory 1965-1995( pp. 470-481 ) . New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Norberg-Schulz, C. ( 1995 ) . The Phenomenon of Place. In K. Nesbitt,Speculating A New Agenda For Architecture: An Anthology of Architectural Theory 1965-1995( pp. 414-425 ) . New York: Princeton Architectural Press. Powell, R. ( 2008 ) . Serendah House. In R. Powell,The New Malaysian House( pp. 206-215 ) . Hong Kong: Periplus Editions ( HK ) Ltd. Group, R. H. ( 2013 ) .RDA Harris Architects+Urban Designers. Kuala Lumpur: RDA Harris International. Serendah House, Serendah, Malaysia. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from RDA Harris Design Group: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rdaharrisdesign.com/r7.html Traditional Home Design Gets A Modern Twist by RDA Harris International. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved from Habitat: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.habitat-my.com/index.php/design-stories-page/12-article-type/bungalow/170-traditional-home-design-gets-a-modern-twist-by-rda-harris-international? xpert=off

Street Food An Integral component of the Cultural branding of Delhi - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1775 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Food Essay Type Narrative essay Level High school Did you like this example? Street Food: An Integral component of the Cultural branding of Delhi TABLE OF contents Headings page no. Introduction5 Areas and spread6 Statement of problem7 Research objective8 Hypothesis8 Sources of data9 Literature Review10 Expected Outcomes11 Future Implications12 Bibliography12 INTRODUCTION Street Food: An Integral component of the Cultural branding of Delhi Street food of Delhiis the food sold byhawkersfrom portablestallsinDelhi It is one of the characteristics of the city.The city is known for its distinctivestreet foods.Although street food is common all over India, street food in Delhi is noted because people from alleconomic classes eat on the roadside almost round the clock and it is sometimes felt that the taste of street food is better than restaurants in the city.Many Delhiites like a small snack on the road in the evening. People of Delhi cut across barriers of class, religion, gender and ethnicity are passionate about street food.Street food vendors are credited by some for developing the citysfood culture. Street food in Delhi is relatively inexpensive as compared to restaurants and vendors tend to be clustered around crowded areas such as colleges and railway stations. Talking about New Delhi, the capital of India has numerous variet ies of street food from all over the country as well as abroad. Delhis cuisine is highly influenced by its neighborsUttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjabas well as Mughalai cuisine. Among vegetarian dishes, sabzi kachauri (sabzi is usually spicy potato curry, kachauri can be plain as well as stuffed), dahil bhalla and various other varieties of chaat are hugely popular. Certain parts of Old Delhi which includeChandani Chowk andChawadi bazar have numerous street food vendors who have been in business of selling authentic Indian street food for three or more generations. Parathe wali gali is noted as the most popular street food in Delhi.Other noted street foods in Delhi includesamosa, Jalebi, Golgappe, choleykulkche,Dahi bhalla, khasta papdi,aloo chat, Rabdi faluda, momos andDosas all of which are vegetarian. In terms of non-vegetarian offeringsomelette-pav, kebabsand Tandoori chicken, are found on Delhi streets.The amount of variety of street food is attributed to the cosmopolitan cultu re of the city.In the 1980s IndianisedChinese foodwas an emerging trend on Delhi streets. Kulfi(a type ofice cream), gola(type of ice cone) and rabdi faluda are among the desserts and coolants found on Delhi streets.Apart from snacks, Delhi has several juice and milkshake bars on the roadside that offer a variety of juices and milkshakes.FreshSugarcane juice vendors are synonymous with Delhi roads and offer a cheap form of refreshment. Tea vendorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cycle around the city, selling the beverage hot on the streets. Street vendors normally remain unaffected by general strike calls and do business all year around.Paan, abetel leafpreparation eaten as a mouth fresher post meals in Indiais also sold at Delhis roadside stalls Areas and spread Chandani Chowk, often called the food capital of India, is famous for its street food. The variety consists ofsnacks,especially chaat. If you wish to enjoy it, shed your high-brow attitude to soak in the flavors and delicacies. Chandani Chowk resembles a fair everyday. The streets are lined withhalwais(sweet-sellers),namkeenwallahs(sellers of savouries) andparanthewallahs (sellers of rich, flaky breads soaked in ghee). Coming back to Chandni Chowk, the Old and Famous Jalebiwala just before Dariba Kalan. Refreshing with a delicious plate of hot jalebis a sweet made by deepfrying batter in a kind of pretzel shape and then soaked in syrup. Also the Jama Masjid area that buzzes with activity. The aroma of food wafts to your nose from the Urdu Bazaar facing Gate No. 1 of the Masjid and a side street called Matia Mahal. The smell of fresh fish, aromatic kebabs and fried chicken is in the air. Vendors sell kebabs and tikkas wrapped in rumali roti (paper-thin bread) at throwaway prices. The Mutton Burrahs here are easily the best in the city. They are practically the only place to serveNihariandPaaya, which are all sold out by 8.30am Other unmissables are Stew,Mutton Korma,Shammi KababandShahjahani Korma bes ides that Butter Chicken originated at the Moti Mahal, Darya Ganj in the 1950 Ghantewala at Chandni Chowk is more than 200 years old. The sweets here are prepared in pure desi ghee. Highly recommended are the SohanHalwa Papdi,Pista SamosaandBadam Burfi truly sinful pieces of heaven on earth. 1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM After having an in-depth observation of the city and the publications by the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India it has been clear that the basic hygiene and health facilities are not there in majority of places offering street foods. From the most haphazard streets of chandni chowk to the most expensive streets like khan market in Delhi the hygiene facilities are improper and unbalanced which is ultimately deteriorating the cultural equity of Delhi. Other issues of concern are:- Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Street Food: An Integral component of the Cultural branding of Delhi" essay for you Create order Brand image of the city Delhi with respect to its most famous street foods. Changing food habits of Delhiites Changing consumer tastes and preference Need for organized marketing efforts 2. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE To know about the importance of the street food in maintaining the cultural branding of Delhi To measure the way through which Delhià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cultural equity can be sustained. To know about the people emotional positioning with the Delhi street foods. To identify the role and impact of organized marketing efforts for street food vendors. To study about the changing habits of Delhiites in the contemporary Delhi. To study about how consumers taste and preferences are changing with the time 3. HYPOTHESIS Street Food culture of Delhi has strengthened the cultural equity of the city The Street food culture of Delhi have always been an integral part in building the cultural image of Delhi. The wide variety of street foods, the fascinating street food culture and the love of the people for the street food have always been a major factor in attracting large number of people to the streets of Delhi and hence ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s something that is strengthening the cultural equity of the city. SOURCES OF DATA 4.1 PRIMARY SOURCES For gathering primary information for my project I collected the primary data in following manner:- 1- Direct personal observation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Basically it is an observational study so I will explore all the major street foods in several locations of Delhi and there I will observe the overall culture of the Delhi with respect to its street food, the love of people for the street foods, the cultural branding generating from street foods and the problems arising in this sector and thus by finding out ways for them 2 Indirect Oral Interviews As a part of primary research I will ask questions to people who are street food lovers and about their emotional attachment for the Delhi street foods, their views about the cultural branding of Delhi with respect to its street food and about the changes that has aroused with the time in the street food culture 4.2 SECONDARY SOURCES These are some of the ways of collecting secondary data I have used:- 1- Blogs- Delhi blogspot Street food of delhi Personal blogs 2- Newspapers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Times of India Local Regional Newspapers 3- Magazines- Timeout Delhi India today Delhi beats 4- Literature Review 1. New research reveals Delhi favors street food over health concerns (NeHA PUSHKARNA) Few can tide over love to see the flaws. That explains Delhis bond with its street food. Its not easy to hold back when your taste buds crave for some chatpate chhole bhathure, crispy kachouris or steamy momos.The aim of our project was not to suggest that people should stop eating street food. Many of these vendors are illiterate and do not understand the concept of hygiene and food safety. They need to be made aware people and the vendors. 2. Street foods in developing countries: lessons from Asia (F.G. Winarno and A. Allain) Urban population growth has stimulated a rise in the number of street food vendors1in many cities throughout the world. Migration from rural areas to urban centers has created a daily need among many working people to eat outside the home. Demand for relatively inexpensive, ready-to-eat food has increased as people, especially women, have less time to prepare meals. In some parts of Europe and North America street foods, whi ch originated in Asia, Latin America and Africa, have become an integral part of the local food scene. At the same time, one cannot ignore the tremendous expansion of the major fast food companies. While consumers in industrialized countries are increasingly fascinated by traditional or ethnic foods, many in developing countries seem to be succumbing to the hamburger assault 3.Keeping up appearances: perceptions of street food safety in urban Kumasi, Ghana (Thilde RheinlÃÆ' ¤nder,Mette Olsen and John Abubakar Bakang) This study found that the emphasis on aesthetics, appearances, and presentation of food and personal trust in vendorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"consumer interactions were the most important parameters for assessing food safety among consumers and vendors of street food in Kumasi. Also, vendorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ biomedical food safety knowledge did not seem to translate into safe food practices. Therefore, notions of food safety are clearly diverted from microbiological notions of hygiene or health risks and biomedical notions of food safety. Instead, they are shaped by strong sensorial, social, and normative dimensions of food quality and rely on individual assessments and perceptions of food safety.Keeping Up Appearances: Perceptions of Street Food Safety in Urban Kumasi, Ghana 5. EXPECTED OUTCOMES With this research I am expecting to come out with several results some of them are as follows:- Æ’Ëœ What are the major factors that attracts the people from all over the India to come to streets of Delhi for its amazing street food Æ’Ëœ Ways and suggestions through which this brand equity of Delhi with respect to its street food culture can be maintained. Æ’Ëœ What can be the organized marketing strategies for street food vendors? Æ’Ëœ What can be the ways of promoting the street food of Delhi all across the nation 6. FUTURE IMPLICATIONS: After conducting this research I am hoping to come out with excellent results and strategies so that in future people of Delhi wonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t have to think twice before digging into all the lip-smacking street food of Delhi while out on the town and the rich cultural equity of Delhi which it possess with respect to its food culture can be sustained and glorified. 7. BIBILOGRAPHY: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2587647/ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ https://delhistreetfood.blogspot.in/ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ https://streetfoodofdelhi.blogspot.in/ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/indianews/article-2283465/New-research-reveals-Delhi-favours-street-food-health-concerns.html à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/from-may-eat-street-food-in-delhi-without-any-fear/article1-1182377.aspx Keeping Up Appearances: Perceptions of Street Food Safety in Urban Kumasi, Ghana

French Demonstrative Adjectives Adjectifs Démonstratifs

The French demonstrative adjectives—or  adjectifs dà ©monstratifs—are words used in place of articles to indicate a specific noun. In French, as well as in English, a  demonstrative adjective  is a  determiner  that points to a particular  noun  or to the noun it replaces. There are four demonstratives in French and English: the near demonstratives,  this  and  these, and the far demonstratives,  that and those. This  and  that  are  singular, while  these  and  those  are  plural. In French, things get a little  trickier. As in English, French, demonstrative adjectives must agree in number with the noun they modify, but they must also agree in  gender. Once youve determined the number  and  gender of a noun in French, you can choose the correct demonstrative adjective form to use. Masculine Singular Ce is the masculine singular demonstrative adjective in French. The table below shows two examples of the correct use of ce  in a sentence, followed by the English translation. Ce: Masculine Singular English Translation Ce prof parle trop. This (That) teacher talks too much. J'aime ce livre. I like this (that) book. Ce becomes cet in front of a masculine noun that begins with a vowel or  mute h. Cet: Masculine Singular English Translation Cet homme est sympa. This (That) man is nice. Je connais cet endroit. I know this (that) place. Feminine Singular Cette is feminine singular. These examples show how to use  cette  in a sentence, followed by the English translation. Cette: Feminine Singular Engish Translation Cette idà ©e est intà ©ressante. This (That) idea is interesting. Je veux parler à   cette fille I want to talk to this (that) girl. Masculine or Feminine Plural Interestingly,  ces  is the plural demonstrative adjective for both feminine and masculine nouns. To put it another way,  ces  is the only plural demonstrative adjective: Cettes does not exist. Ces: Masculine or Feminine Plural English Translation Ces livres sont stupides. These (Those) books are stupid. Je cherche ces femmes. I'm looking for these (those) women. Use the Suffixes The singular demonstrative adjectives ce, cet, and cette can all mean this or that. Your listener can usually tell by the context which you mean, but if you want to stress one or the other, you can use the suffixes -ci (here) and -là   (there), as the following examples demonstrate: Ce, Cet, Cette English Translation Ce prof-ci parle trop. This teacher talks too much. Ce prof-là   est sympa. That teacher is nice. Cet à ©tudiant-ci comprend. This student understands. Cette fille-là   est perdue. That girl is lost. Likewise, ces can mean these or those, and again you can use the suffixes to be more explicit: Ces English Translation Je veux regarder ces livres-là  . I want to look at those books. Je prà ©fà ¨re ces pommes-ci. I prefer these apples. Ces fleurs-ci sont plus jolies que ces fleurs-là  . These flowers are prettier than those flowers. No Contractions The demonstrative adjective ce does not contract: In front of a vowel, it changes to cet. So c in the expression cest is not a demonstrative adjective: It is an indefinite demonstrative pronoun.  Indefinite demonstrative pronouns can refer to something abstract, like an idea or a situation, or to something indicated but unnamed.  Some examples are: C’est: Indefinite Demonstrative Pronoun English Translation C'est une bonne idà ©e! That's a good idea! C'est triste de perdre un ami. It's sad to lose a friend. C'est la vie. That’s life. Tips and Hints Despite the myriad rules, determining the correct demonstrative adjective to use in French is really not as difficult as it seems. There are only four possibilities:   ce  for the masculine singular before a noun;  cet  for the masculine singular before a vowel; cette  for the feminine singular, and ​ ces for all plural forms,  as the following table shows: English Masculine Masculine Before a Vowel Feminine this, that ce cet cette these, those ces ces ces Since the possibilities for French demonstrative adjectives are so limited, the real key to understanding how to use these important words is to learn the gender and number of  French nouns.  Indeed, it is very important to learn a nouns gender and number because  articles, some pronouns, some  verbs, and, of course, demonstrative adjectives, have to agree with nouns. And therein lies the real work if you seek to master the French language.

Risk Factors for a Heart Attack - 612 Words

Introduction Heart attack is one of the main causes that lead to death in many countries. It is a serious medical emergency occurs when there is a block in the blood supply to the heart. Therefore, the blood movements of the heart decrease or stop and the heart begin to die. There are many factors that lead to heart attack but we can minimize this chance by different ways. About Heart The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood around the body. Causes of heart attack One of the most frequent causes of heart attack is the major risk factors that we can’t change which are: †¢ Heredity: is when your family has a history of having heart disease therefore, you will be more possible to have it. †¢ Gender: many people think women don’t get heart attack but its causes for both women and men. However, it affects differently men under age 60 years old are more possible to have a heart attack than women in their same age. †¢ Age: it can’t be changed and older people (over 65) are at more risk and they are expected to die from heart attack. Although, it’s common in men who over age 45 and women over age 55. One the other hand, they are major risk factors that can be changed or we can regulate it. It affects us because of our lifestyle choices and they are: †¢ Smoking: smoking results the blood to clot and make the artery that carry blood contracted hence it will effect on the heart, lung and circulatory system. As result smoker is two to four times the danger of non-smoker ofShow MoreRelatedHeart Attack : Myocardial Infarction1647 Words   |  7 Pagesthis disease, and define each of the terms. â€Å"Heart Attack: Myocardial Infarction â€Å" 1. Coronary thrombosis - is when a clot forms inside one of the arteries in the heart. This clot will block blood flow resulting in a heart attack. 2. Coronary occlusion- is an obstruction of a coronary artery which blocks blood flow.   3. STEMI heart attack- is the same as a coronary occlusion except the coronary artery is completely blocked. 4. NSTEMI heart attack- is found through a test to see if there is aRead MoreMyocardial Infarction Is A Common Health Threat1078 Words   |  5 Pageshappens when the heart has a lack of blood supply caused by a blocked blood vessel. If the heart is not getting adequate blood and oxygen this can damage the heart and cause a myocardial infarction. Blockage is usually caused by plaque that builds up and then occludes the vessel (Craig, J., 2011). It is important as healthcare professionals to understand risk factors, signs and symptoms, and ways to prevent heart attacks. 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Nike, Inc. Case Study Free Essays

string(92) " number of days since the last payment, 173, from the number of days in the period, 182 = \." Nike Valuation At North Point Group we believe we have developed the formula for investing success. As you know better than anyone, our Large-cap fund has exceeded all possible expectations in recent years as it outperformed the SP 500 by 30% with respect to returns in 2000 and has continued the trend into 2001; as of the end of June 2001 it has already produced returns of 6. 4% while the SP 500 has continued to struggle producing a return of -7. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike, Inc. Case Study or any similar topic only for you Order Now 3%. We believe these results are made possible by our â€Å"workhorses† of the market as we like to call them. For those of you that don’t know these â€Å"workhorses† are our holdings in companies that have been there through the history of modern America. These companies are those such as 3M, General Motors, McDonalds, and ExxonMobil, which have gone through the many roller-coaster type rises and falls that defines our nation’s economy and has utilized these experiences to prosper and grow step for step with our nation. We are here today to share and discuss our recent findings in our search for another candidate worthy of investment from our Large-Cap Fund. The company originally named â€Å"Blue Ribbon Sports,† now Nike Inc. has caught our attention. Initially known for their athletic performance shoes, Nike has developed itself into a sporting good and apparel monster while maintaining their domination in the athletic shoe sector over the last fifty years. In 1997, Nike reached the top of their game in terms of revenue, when they reported $9 billion in revenues in their annual report; however, since then their revenues have been at a virtual stand-still, hovering around $9 billion for the past five years. Despite their lack of improvement in the last half-decade we see progress in their near future, especially with them already well into the stage of recognizing problem issues within the company. They have realized that one of their major issues is that which made them into what they are today, their athletic shoes. They have maintained a large share of the athletic shoe market throughout their history but they have only just recently noticed that this share is slowly diminishing through time, as it has dropped six percent from 1997 to 2000. After taking a step back and looking at the big picture they realized their error in the recent past, they have placed too much of their focus on producing high-end, high-priced athletic shoes and have forgotten about the mid-priced shoes segment which fueled their growth for decades, and yet still remained the producer of 30% of their revenues. This focus will help bring the Nike brand shoe back into the homes of any American home no matter their income level. Along with their shoes, Nike has other plans to rejuvenate their corporate performance. The biggest of all was the acquisition of top exec, the former president and chief executive of the Polo Jeans division of rival Jones Apparel Group, Mindy Grossman. Nike sought out Ms. Grossman because of her exceptional performance in the clothing industry in hopes that she would take their apparel division to the top; a result which is not far beyond belief when considering the vast resources and influence that Nike already possesses. The hopes within the company are that these tweaks to their corporate approach along with some minor cost cutting adjustments in the company’s operations and administration will drive the company up the incline of revenue growth. With Nike reigniting their pursuit for excellence and fueling this fire by restoring their staple, mid-priced athletic shoes fit for every American, to its glory; it’s easy to believe in the potential of Nike, Inc. and jump on the bandwagon. Even though we believe in the potential of Nike, further financial evaluation is necessary before a decision affecting everyone in this room can be made. We got excited about the prospect of Nike becoming part of our fund not because of the name, and the reputation it carries with it, but because of their remarkable success through numerous decades and varying economic conditions. These factors paired with their current economic struggles and the impact those on the market price of Nike makes them a prime value investing candidate. WACC: We choose the weighted average cost of capital to use as our discount rate. We did this because we calculated future cash flows using the free cash flow to the firm method. By using this method we are able to account for the total free cash flows available to the owners after all expenses. This means that debt is accounted for in the intrinsic value of the company. In order to compute the WACC the following inputs must be calculated; cost of equity, after tax cost of debt, weight of equity and weight of debt. In this section of the analysis we will give a step by step breakdown of how we computed those inputs. Cost of Debt: The cost of debt is rate at which a company pays on its current outstanding debt. This rate is comprised of things like loans or bonds. Nike conveniently has only one issue of publicly traded debt. This is a bond that pays a 6. 75% coupon semi-annually. It was issued on 7/15/10 and is mature on 7/15/21. The current market price is $95. 60. To calculate the cost of debt we found the YTM of the only current outstanding bond issue. As of today we are nine days away from a coupon payment on 7/15/01. After this coupon payment there will be 40 more coupon payments. We are making the assumption that a coupon is paid on the date of maturity. As stated the price of the bond listed today is $95. 60. If the bond were actually to be bought and sold the price would need to reflect the interest accrued since the last coupon payment. To calculate this we subtracted the number of days since the last payment, 173, from the number of days in the period, 182 = . You read "Nike, Inc. Case Study" in category "Free Case study samples" 95. We then took that number and multiplied it by the coupon payment divided by 2 in order to realize the coupon payment per period. (6. 75/2)= 3. 375(. 95) = $3. 2. Based on these calculations we have calculated the following inputs to solve for the YTM. Cost of Equity: The cost of equity is the return that stockholders require to invest in a company. There are many different ways to compute this value. We will look at CAPM, DDM and the earnings capitalization ratio. CAPM: We looked at two different ways to calculate CAPM. First using the 3 month T-Bill as a risk free rate (3. 59%) along with the arithmetic average of returns from 1926-1999 (7. 50%) to calculate the market risk premium. We used a beta of . 8 which is the average of the last 6 years. We believe this to be a good estimate because it accounts for volatility and decreased possible variance. Below is our calculation for the cost of equity. In the alternative CAPM model we used the 10 year Treasury bond as the risk free rate instead of the 3 month. We also used the geometric average of historical returns as the market risk premium. Below is the estimation of the alternative Cost of Equity. We believe that the second calculation of the CAPM using the 10 year bond and the geometric average is a more accurate representation of the cost of equity. The 10 year bond rate is a better indication of the real risk free rate since the fund is looking at value stocks which are generally held for longer periods of time. The geometric mean is also a more realistic calculation of the market risk premium because it calculated real return, as opposed to the arithmetic average which is just a straight average calculation. DDM: The calculation of the dividend discount model required a dividend growth rate and the current stock price. We obtained the dividend growth rate of 5. 5% from Valueline. The current share price is $42. 09. The calculation of the cost of capital using the DDM is below. The dividend discount model works best with companies that follow the constant slow growth path. This is because their dividends are generally a good reflection of earnings. Since Nike is not a slow growing company and their dividends are not highly correlated with changes in earnings we do not recommend using the DDM to estimate the cost of equity. Earnings Capitalization Rate: The earnings cap rate is the opposite of the P/E ratio. The inputs include an implicit growth rate which we calculated by multiplying current ROE by the current retention ratio of earnings. This growth rate is used to project EPS for the next year. The inputs and calculation of the cost of equity is shown below. The earnings capitalization ratio is not a good estimate of the cost of equity for the same reason the DDM was not a good model. This is because the retention ratio and the dividend payout ratio are dependent on each other. Since the dividend payout ratio is not a good indication of earnings than neither is a model that uses the retention ratio. Value of Debt: To effectively calculate the value of debt we used the market value of debt instead of the book value. This gives a better approximation of the current value of the debt. To calculate the market value we discounted the LT debt value that we obtained from the balance sheet. Below are the inputs and the present value of the LT debt. In addition to the market value of long term debt we need to add short term debt. This includes the current LT debt payment and the notes payable as found on the 2001 balance sheet. After adding these values we obtained the total market value of debt. Value of Equity: To find the value of the equity we used the market value of the current equity instead of using the book value. The market equity is calculated by multiplying the current number of shares by the current market price. Calculation is shown below. Capital Structure: Based on the market value of the debt and equity we calculated the capital structure. The numbers are shown below. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} WACC Calculation: To calculate the WACC we combined the weights of equity and value with the cost of each. The equation is as follows: {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} (11,503/12,550) X 3. 42% + (1,047/12,550) X 2. 12% = 9. 44% {draw:custom-shape} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:custom-shape} Discounted Cash Flow Analysis: Revenue: To have a better estimate of Nike’s current condition, we calculated its discounted cash flow in order to find its NPV and a more realistic measure of Nike’s share price. We estimate that in the next 10 years Nike will have a revenue growth ranging from 6 to 7 percent. In 2002, revenue growth is projected to be at 7 percent. From 2003 to 2005, revenue growth will be 6. 5 percent. In the last 6 years of the forecast, Nike will experience a growth rate of 6 percent. The rationale behind this sales growth forecast is that Nike will be developing more midpriced shoes and increasing its apparel line. The midpriced shoes will offer consumers more affordable selection so sales are likely to increase. Nike’s plan to push its apparel line is also a good strategy to increase sales because athletic apparel is a good complementary to their shoes. Revenue growth will kick off with a good start but it’s projected to fall slightly to a more sustainable growth rate. COGS, SGA: As Nike’s sales rate slowly declines in the next 10 years, their percentage of Cost of Goods Sold over Sales and Selling, General Administrative percentage also decline. Nike plans to cut costs in the next 10 years. So as their costs decrease and sales increase, their percentage of COGS and SGA to sales will decrease. NWC: Next, we calculated Nike’s change in net working capital. Net working capital is current assets minus current liabilities. To do this, we took the average of Nike’s asset in percentage to sales and liabilities over sales for the last 4 years. (Refer to Exhibit A). We then take those numbers and multiply it by the projected revenue to get the project current assets and current liabilities for the next 10 years. We took the difference to get the net working capital. The change in net working capital would be just the difference of one year to the next. Exhibit A. CAPEX, net Depr: We calculated the Capital Expenditure and depreciation using a similar model. The 2001 Nike annual report gave us some guidance that CAPEX would not increase in 2002 from the previous year. Based on an increasing cost of depreciation we forecasted 2002 CAPEX net Depr. to be $120 million. Using this projected 2002 value and the three years previous we calculated an average CAPEX net Depr. (See Exhibit B) We feel this average is the best way to estimate an unpredictable CAPEX number. We used this average in our forecasts through 2011. Exhibit B. Free Cash Flow: After we attain all the CAPEX and the change in NWC, we were able to do a ash flow by taking our net operating income after tax less CAPEX and NWC. For our terminal value, we used the Gordon growth model with a 3 percent growth rate. In our terminal value, we added back the CAPEX value because capital expenditure will eventually be zero in the future. We feel that it won’t be accurate to have a negative value for CAPEX fo r our terminal value. After calculating the future cash flows for Nike, we were able to find the intrinsic value of the company. Using our WACC of 9. 44 percent, we attained a NPV of $15,963 million. During this time, Nike had a current debt balance of about $1,047 million. We subtracted the debt from the NPV to get an equity value for the company of about $14,916 million. We took Nike’s equity value and divided by their total number of shares outstanding of 273. 3 for 2001 and got a price of $54. 58. Compared to the current market price of Nike’s stock of only $42. 09, Nike’s stock is undervalued by almost 30 percent. Based on our new estimates of Nike’s value, we think that these numbers reflect the company better than what the market says. We also did a sensitivity analysis of Nike’s stock using various discount rates. We can see that even at a discount rate of 12 percent, Nike’s stock would be $44. 7. This is still about $2 more than what the market valued Nike. Conclusion: Knowing that our key to success has been a value investing approach to Large-Cap mutual funds, it is easy to see that we are recommending the investment in Nike, Inc. on the basis of the findings of our financial analysis, which reports t he company as undervalued by over 29%. Essentially we are saying that according to our best analysis we believe that the company should be valued by the market at a price 29% higher than it currently is. In terms of stock price this is saying that although Nike is currently selling at $42. 9 we believe it should be priced at $54. 58. It is easy to figure out how this creates value for you as investors as long as Nike stays true to form and true to their word. We do not see the powers that be letting Nike die; they recommitted themselves and the company to excellence and have taken appropriate action to signify their sincerity. Their modifications to expenses in combination with their push of apparel and shoes, which despite its decline in market share is responsible for 30% of Nike’s revenues, will bring Nike out of their current slump. They will ake this happen over time by slowly working down expenses, in particular cost of goods sold and selling and administration expense, while working to increase revenues. We feel very strongly on the accuracy of both our analytical and corporate analysis in part because despite increasing selling and administrative expenses and fluctuating revenues Nike has ended each fiscal year for the last few years with a positive economic value added result. Over the past three years Nike has ended with an average EVA of $387 million, showing that they can go above and beyond market and investor expectations even while in a slump. How to cite Nike, Inc. Case Study, Free Case study samples

David Essay Example For Students

David Essay Sometime soon after the year 1430, a bronze statue of David stood in the courtyard of the house of the Medici. The work was commissioned of Donatello by Cosimo dMedici himself, the founding father of the Republic of Florence. It was the first free-standing, life sized nude since classical victorious athletes of Greece and Rome. But soft, and some how oddly unheroic. And the incongruity of the heads: of hair and shaded by a laurel-crowned peasants hat; Goliaths tragic, contorted expression, made sharper by the pentagonal helmet and coarse, disheveled beard. Innocence and evil. The weak triumphing over the strong. The city of Florence triumphing over the aggressive dukes of Milan? David as a civic-public monument. In the year 1469, Ser Piero from the Tuscan town of Vinci moved to Florence to become a notary. He rented a house on the Piazza San Firenze, not far from the Palazzo Vecchio. His son, who was a mere 17 years old upon their arrival, began and apprenticeship in the Florentine studio of the well known artist, Andrea Verrocchio. At this time, Veracchio was at work on a bronze sculpture of the young David. Might the head of this fine piece be a portrait of the young Leonardo da Vinci?For many years a block of marble lay untouched, tossed aside as unusable, irretrievable evidence of a botched attempt to carve a human form. It was eighteen feet high. A young sculptor, 26 years old, riding high after the enormous success of his figure of the Virgin Mary holding the dead Christ, decided to ask for the piece. The wardens of the city in charge of such things let the artist have it. What did they have to lose? Getting anything out of it was better than nothing. So this young sculptor named Michelangelo measured and calculated. He mad a wax model of David with a sling in his hand. And he worked on his David continuously for some three years, until, a man named Vasari tells us, he brought it to perfect completion. Without letting anyone see it. A century later, a young sculptor, 25 years old, stares into a mirror at his steeled jaw and determined brow. A contemporary source tells us that on this day, perhaps, the mirror is being held by Cardinal Maffeo Berberini while Bernini transfers what he sees in himself to the face of his David. Bianlorenzo Bernini: sculptor and architect, painter, dramatist, composer. Bernini, who centuries later would be called the undisputed monarch of the Roman High Boroque, identifying with David, whose adversary is seen only by him. The great transformation in style that occurred between the Early renaissance and the Boroque can be followed in the evolution of David. Look at them: A boy of 12, perhaps, looking down incredulously at the physical self that felled an unconquerable enemy; a boy of 14 or 15, confident and reckless, with enough adrenaline pumping to take on an army; an adolescent on the brink of adulthood, captured at the moment when, the Greeks say, sound mind and sound body are one; and another full-grown youth at the threshold of his destiny as KingBibliography:The Davids of the WorldSometime soon after the year 1430, a bronze statue of David stood in the courtyard of the house of the Medici. The work was commissioned of Donatello by Cosimo dMedici himself, the founding father of the Republic of Florence. It was the first free-standing, life sized nude since classical victorious athletes of Greece and Rome. But soft, and some how oddly unheroic. And the incongruity of the heads: of hair and shaded by a laurel-crowned peasants hat; Goliaths tragic, contorted expression, made sharper by the pentagonal helmet and coarse, disheveled beard. .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 , .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 .postImageUrl , .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 , .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9:hover , .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9:visited , .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9:active { border:0!important; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9:active , .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9 .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1e6ebf01e28b40c4e6460ea42dfae9f9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thirty years ago, on October 8, 1967, gunfire echo Essay Innocence and evil. The weak triumphing over the strong. The city of Florence triumphing over the aggressive dukes of Milan? David as a civic-public monument. In the year 1469, Ser Piero from the Tuscan town of Vinci moved to Florence to become a notary. He rented a house on the Piazza San Firenze, not far from the Palazzo Vecchio. His son, who was a mere 17 years old upon their arrival, began and apprenticeship in the Florentine studio of the well known artist, Andrea Verrocchio. At this time, Veracchio was at work on a bronze sculpture of the young David. Might the head of this fine piece be a portrait of the young Leonardo da Vinci?For many years a block of marble lay untouched, tossed aside as unusable, irretrievable evidence of a botched attempt to carve a human form. It was eighteen feet high. A young sculptor, 26 years old, riding high after the enormous success of his figure of the Virgin Mary holding the dead Christ, decided to ask for the piece. The wardens of the city in charge of such things let the artist have it. What did they have to lose? Getting anything out of it was better than nothing. So this young sculptor named Michelangelo measured and calculated. He mad a wax model of David with a sling in his hand. And he worked on his David continuously for some three years, until, a man named Vasari tells us, he brought it to perfect completion. Without letting anyone see it. A century later, a young sculptor, 25 years old, stares into a mirror at his steeled jaw and determined brow. A contemporary source tells us that on this day, perhaps, the mirror is being held by Cardinal Maffeo Berberini while Bernini transfers what he sees in himself to the face of his David. Bianlorenzo Bernini: sculptor and architect, painter, dramatist, composer. Bernini, who centuries later would be called the undisputed monarch of the Roman High Boroque, identifying with David, whose adversary is seen only by him. The great transformation in style that occurred between the Early renaissance and the Boroque can be followed in the evolution of David. Look at them: A boy of 12, perhaps, looking down incredulously at the physical self that felled an unconquerable enemy; a boy of 14 or 15, confident and reckless, with enough adrenaline pumping to take on an army; an adolescent on the brink of adulthood, captured at the moment when, the Greeks say, sound mind and sound body are one; and another full-grown youth at the threshold of his destiny as King

To what extent was fascist control of Italy 1925-1943 the result of the effective use of propaganda free essay sample

?To what extent was fascist control of Italy 1925-1943 the result of the effective use of propaganda? Propaganda allowed Mussolini to keep a wide control over the Italian population, however there were also other factors that maintained fascist control over Italy, including Mussolini’s link with the church, the banning of opposition, fear and repressive measures and the creation of a secure state. Propaganda was an important step in securing Mussolini’s position in power. He proposed various ways to ensure that the media would represent him in a favourable light. These various tactics included targeting mass media, in which the press office was given responsibility of all aspects of culture and was renamed the Ministry of Popular Culture, this meant that every aspect of media that was exposed to the population was diligently monitored, therefore removing the possibility of opposition being given the chance to flourish. Government agencies designed posters to appeal to the masses, a large percentage of the population were illiterate and so image was important in portraying Mussolinis political ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was fascist control of Italy 1925-1943 the result of the effective use of propaganda? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Newspapers were heavily controlled, and as a journalist and editor himself, Mussolini knew the impact a fascist controlled press could have. Newspapers were expected to steer away from the mention of crime, unemployment and other negative aspects within society, aswell as this, all journalists were to be registered on the fascist lists to ensure their political views were in line with Mussolini’s to prevent them from reflecting any different political views through their work. As well as mass media being controlled, the government also arranged for mass activities to be organised, such as rallies, sporting events and youth leagues. It was important to the government that the youth were targeted in the spread of fascist ideas, as the new generation should be entirely fascist and not introduce any opposition. The Dopolavoro (OND) was also introduced, which consisted of leisure programmes and to over 4 million members, holidays, trips, summer camps and train tickets were organised, whilst they also set out to spread the fascist ideas in especially remote and illiterate areas. By the 1930’s, the OND controlled sporting clubs, theatres, dramatic societies, libraries and bands. These mass activities were intended to keep people happy under the fascist regime, and gave them privileges and opportunities, therefore keeping Mussolini popular among the masses. Power over the church was another thing that maintained fascist control, the catholic church was the main obstacle which stood in the way of Mussolini gaining totalitarian control. Mussolini originally possessed anti clerical views and disagreed with the church on many issues. However, he decided to end this ongoing struggle and instead reach some agreement. His intentions were to limit the impact the Church held on society, and hoped that with support from the Catholic Church, he would appeal more to the predominantly catholic population. Mussolini took various steps to gain a friendship with the church; first of all he became more religious by taking on the role of ‘Prodigal Son’, and married his wife in a church ceremony. This showed the general public that he was a religious man who had respect for the Catholic Church. He also granted the Church additional funds and attempted to save the Catholic bank by investing public funds, Mussolini did this to show that he supported the church financially and was keen to keep the Church stable and economically viable. Mussolini also stopped proposals to tax Church property, and he allowed clerical salaries to be increased. These actions show Mussolini’s eagerness to be associated with the church and to gain support from it. Not only did Mussolini take direct measures in appealing to the Church, but he also changed things within society, such as placing crucifixes in classrooms and the banning of brothels and freemasonry. This showed that Mussolini had taken on a new religious attitude, and it began to appeal to the Church. It was important in maintaining fascist control in Italy because the Church was the cornerstone of society, providing people with education, moral guidance, sanctuary, charity and it had a strong influence over people. If the Church did not support Mussolini, it is unlikely that the masses of Italian Catholics would either. Another way in which Mussolini attempted to maintain fascist control was by banning political opposition. In 1926, other political parties were banned. This allowed the Fascist party to be the leading party without threat from other leaders. Opposition began to fade away in 1925 when some deputies walked out of parliament as a way of protesting Mussolinins speech, which caused them to loose their political voice. This benefited Mussolini as they appeared to be weak and allowed Mussolini to have a leading voice in the chamber of deputies. In 1925, the press law was also introduced which meant that all journalists were to be registered by the state, and editors were closely monitored. This meant that ideas of opposition would not find its way into newspapers and other forms of media which would spread quickly amongst the general public. Finally in 1926 Mussolini took the final step in curbing opposition by banning all political activity out of the PNF and declaring opposition illegal. This meant that the fascist party faced no threats from outside their own party, and the Italian population had no alternative political party to support besides Mussolini. Fear and repression was vital in maintaining fascist control as it acted as way of dealing with anybody who showed resistance to Mussolini’s regime. The policies of ‘confino’ allowed police to banish people to remote provinces or to the southern islands if they showed any sign of opposition or if they were considered to be anti fascist, criminals or suspected of spreading rumours. This meant an ideal solution to anybody who the fascist party regarded as a threat to their success. Without this strict regime in banning rebels, opposition could spread quickly and the fascist party would appear to be weak. Specialised tribunals were also set up in order to tackle terrorists and political criminals, these tribunals were controlled by the militia. Punishments often included life long prison sentences, confinement and occasionally the death penalty. Finally, the creation of a strong state was a key point in marinating control over Italy. Mussolini intended to find a way of making Italy a secure state, and he had various tactics to do this. He controlled the Police, and after a third attempt on Mussolins life he appointed Bocchini the chief of police, and it was estimated that overall the political police carried out 20,000 searches, visits, arrests and seizures of literature. This represents the tight control Mussolini had on the country and the actions of the people. Aswell as the political police, the OVRA were introduced, which were secret police, which carried out important arrests and they had an influential impact on the public. This is an example of how Mussolini used fear to maintain his position in power, and his various numbers of police and secret police ensured that nothing would interfere with his leadership. In terms of the Militia, Mussolini became minister for war, Navy and Air, which in reality did not effect its actions, however it gave Mussolini prestige and he appeared to have more control over the country. Within the civil service, prefects had been given extended powers, and they now played an important role in organising the police, defending the regime and suppressing opposition. The ‘Podesta’ was introduced, he replaced the mayor and local councils and was appointed by a prefect, they were generally elderly conservative men and not representative of the Italian population. This variety of people appointed in important positions ensured Mussolini could create a secure state and no opposition would spread. Overall, the main factor which allowed Mussolini to maintain fascist control was his agreements with the Church, without gaining support from the Church, Mussolini wouldn’t have appealed to the Italian population. For years the Church was responsible for many aspects within society, and in order to gain popular support and maintain fascist control, he would have to gain their support. Although propaganda was an important step in appealing to the population, and repressive measures and a secure state helped him gain and stay in power, the Church would have been a strong barrier in preventing him from gaining totalitarian control.