Compare and Contrast an Alligator vs. Crocodile Essay

Thoroughly analyze an Alligator versus Crocodile - Essay Example Gators are commonly ordered as having a place with the alligatoridae group of crocodilians that is seen to likewise incorporate the caimans. Maybe on the most distinctive trademark parts of the croc is the way that the noses of gators are commonly molded to have a somewhat wide U-formed, and adjusted nose that can be esteemed as resembling a scoop (Barnes-Svarney and Svarney187-188). This wide plan of a crocs nose can be seen to have been planned for the most part for quality and is intended to guarantee that the creature can have the option to handily withstand the worry to its bone structure caused when it applies gigantic power in breaking the somewhat hard shells of spineless creatures, for example, turtles that structure a huge piece of its eating routine. Because of an alligator’s upper jaw being altogether bigger than its lower jaw, its jaws totally cover when its mouth is shut with the teeth on the lower jaw getting totally covered up as they perfectly fit into little melancholies situated in the upper jaw (Barnes-Svarney and Svarney187-188; Tan 40). This viewpoint can be believed to be particularly articulated according to the huge fourth tooth of the creature situated in the lower jaw. The salt organs arranged on the tongues of gators are less powerful when contrasted with those of crocodiles and for the most part seem to have lost their intrinsic capacity of empowering the creature to discharge huge measures of salt (Tan 40). Gators can have the option to develop and accomplish a length of around 14 to 16 feet a length that is impressively bigger that of some crocodile species (Smith 205). With a V-formed nose, the nose of a crocodile is essentially seen as progressively pointed when contrasted with a gator. The state of its nose supposedly causes the creature to turn out to be increasingly summed up and much better adjusted for a more extensive scope of prey. A crocodile’s upper and lower jaws are on a very basic level a similar width

Biography of Col. Ellison Onizuka, Challenger Astronaut

Life story of Col. Ellison Onizuka, Challenger Astronaut At the point when the space transport Challenger detonated on January 28, 1986, the catastrophe ended the lives of seven space explorers. Among them was Col. Ellison Onizuka, an Air Force veteran and Nasa space explorer who turned into the primary Asian-American to travel to space. Quick Facts: Ellison Onizuka Conceived: June 24, 1946 in Kaelakekua, Kona, HawaiiDied: January 28, 1986 in Cape Canaveral, FloridaParents: Masamitsu and Mitsue OnizukaSpouse: Lorna Leiko Yoshida (m. 1969)Children: Janelle Onizuka-Gillilan, Darien Lei Shuzue Onizuka-MorganEducation: Bachelors and Masters degrees in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Colorado Career: Air Force pilot, NASA AstronautFamous Quote: Your vision isn't restricted by what your eyes can see, however by what your psyche can envision. Numerous things that you underestimate were viewed as ridiculous dreams by past ages. In the event that you acknowledge these past achievements as ordinary, at that point think about the new skylines that you can investigate. From your vantage point, your training and creative mind will convey you to places which we won’t accept conceivable. Make an amazing most and the world will be a superior spot since you attempted. On the mass of the Hawaii Challenger Center. Early Life Ellison Onizuka was brought into the world under the name Onizuka Shoji in Kaleakekua, close Kona, on the Big Island of Hawaii, on June 24, 1946. His folks were Masamitsu and Mitsue Onizuka. He grew up with two sisters and a sibling, and was an individual from Future Farmers of America and the Boy Scouts. He went to Konawaena High School and regularly discussed how he would dream about flying out to the stars that he could see from his home on the island.â Training Onizuka left Hawaii to contemplate designing at the University of Colorado, getting a single guys degree in June 1969 and an experts degree a couple of months after the fact. That equivalent year he likewise wedded Lorna Leiko Yoshida. The Onizukas had two girls: Janelle Onizuka-Gillilan and Darien Lei Shizue Onizuka-Morgan.â After graduation, Onizuka joined the United States Air Force and filled in as a flight test specialist and aircraft tester. He likewise centered around frameworks security building for various planes. During his flying profession, Onizuka increased in excess of 1,700 flight hours. While in the Air Force, he prepared at the Flight Test Center at Edwards Air Force Base in California. While piling on flying time and testing planes for the Air Force, he likewise took a shot at frameworks for various trial military aircraft.â Onizukas NASA Career <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/v2edD4OL0wsWVmgAMGZS1Gs7xqo=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/1024px-STS-51-C_crew-5c678ea646e0fb0001f933e4.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/1cVWy99QLHlGRqqbO2emHaJ1ZMI=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/1024px-STS-51-C_crew-5c678ea646e0fb0001f933e4.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/XVBRSIUOBuwl_A55cJdN2CCn02M=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/1024px-STS-51-C_crew-5c678ea646e0fb0001f933e4.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bK87AAovnE-w3rGvTvDmGqHmcjQ=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/1024px-STS-51-C_crew-5c678ea646e0fb0001f933e4.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/HylqEi8A28j5TnVhDd9_GQLd42Y=/1024x819/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/1024px-STS-51-C_crew-5c678ea646e0fb0001f933e4.jpg src=//:0 alt=Crew of STS 51C, including Ellison Onizuka. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-12 information following container=true /> The team doled out to the STS-51C strategic (bowing in front left to right) Loren J. Schriver, pilot; and Thomas K. Mattingly, II, authority. Standing, left to right, are Gary E. Payton, payload master; and crucial James F. Buchli, and Ellison L. Onizuka. Propelled on board the Space Shuttle Discovery on January 24, 1985 at 2:50:00 pm (EST), the STS-51C was the primary crucial to the Department of Defense (DOD).  NASA Ellison Onizuka was chosen as a NASA space explorer in 1978 and left the Air Force with a position of lieutenant colonel. At NASA, he chipped away at the van flight incorporation research facility group, crucial, and, while in space, overseeing payloads on circle. He took his first trip on STS 51-C on board the bus Discovery in 1985. It was a top-mystery trip to dispatch a payload from the Department of Defense, the main ordered strategic the orbiters. That flight likewise proclaimed another first by making Onizuka the principal Asian-American to fly in space. The flight went on for 48 circles, allowing Onizuka 74 hours on circle. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/fSLubVOx9hOEcs8UGt5bp1cdXBM=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Onizuka_in_flight-5c678b36c9e77c0001675983.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/SHYNAyGlvO92n2w4L8gZp3chluk=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Onizuka_in_flight-5c678b36c9e77c0001675983.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bqOiQm1Bf0fcRripdvRqFE1HBDc=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Onizuka_in_flight-5c678b36c9e77c0001675983.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/uwv4iaiaeAAbEFOIJXxYC7LC_t0=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Onizuka_in_flight-5c678b36c9e77c0001675983.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/RUm4t547HIdFHT6wJQt_goOq23I=/1024x667/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Onizuka_in_flight-5c678b36c9e77c0001675983.jpg src=//:0 alt=Ellison Onizuka (left) in trip during his first transport strategic. class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-15 information following container=true /> Ellison Onizuka (left) in trip with Loren Shriver, during his first transport strategic.  NASA Onizukas Final Mission His next task was on STS 51-L, set to dispatch Challenger into space in January 1986. For that flight, Onizuka was doled out strategic obligations. He was joined by instructor in-space selectee Christa McAuliffe, Gregory Jarvis, Ronald McNair, Michael J. Smith, Judith Resnik, and Dick Scobee. It would have been his subsequent trip to space. Sadly, Col. Onizuka died alongside his crewmates when the rocket was wrecked during a blast 73 seconds after dispatch. <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/x4fwgyX2fklV-agbXSPhdhbugRw=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/sharon-christa-mcauliffe-ronald-emcnair-gregory-jarvis-ellison-onizuka-michael-jsmith-francis-rscobee-judith-aresnik-50597660-5c757f55c9e77c0001d19bf5.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/y9Sbm4Lr-pXg-QMyl-8rKPhUEqo=/724x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/sharon-christa-mcauliffe-ronald-emcnair-gregory-jarvis-ellison-onizuka-michael-jsmith-francis-rscobee-judith-aresnik-50597660-5c757f55c9e77c0001d19bf5.jpg 724w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ecEITqjGTLvn65vFuHwXZby5AOM=/1148x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/sharon-christa-mcauliffe-ronald-emcnair-gregory-jarvis-ellison-onizuka-michael-jsmith-francis-rscobee-judith-aresnik-50597660-5c757f55c9e77c0001d19bf5.jpg 1148w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LPkM-UGTHACEgJQqqkQy0Rz1qLs=/1997x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/sharon-christa-mcauliffe- ronald-emcnair-gregory-jarvis-ellison-onizuka-michael-jsmith-francis-rscobee-judith-aresnik-50597660-5c757f55c9e77c0001d19bf5.jpg 1997w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/LqB6Q71IdUwcrc-K8kIoIcHUWiE=/1997x1649/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/sharon-christa-mcauliffe-ronald-emcnair-gregory-jarvis-ellison-onizuka-michael-jsmith-francis-rscobee-judith-aresnik-50597660-5c757f55c9e77c0001d19bf5.jpg src=//:0 alt=Sharon Christa Mcauliffe;Ronald E. Mcnair;Gregory Jarvis;Ellison Onizuka;Michael J. Smith;Francis R. Scobee;Judith A. Resnik class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-19 information following container=true /> Group of Space Shuttle Challenger X (L-R first line) space explorers Smith, Scobee, McNair (L-R back) Onizuka, payload master/educator McAuliffe, payload spec. Jarvis space explorer Resnik, Johnson Space Center. The LIFE Picture Collection/Getty Images/Getty Images Praises and Legacy A great many people at NASA who worked with him recall Colonel Onizuka as a voyager. He was a man with an extraordinary comical inclination, and somebody who regularly supported individuals, especially youthful understudies to utilize their creative mind and keenness as they sought after their professions. During his short vocation, he was granted the Air Force Commendation Medal, Air Force Outstanding Unit Award, and the National Defense Service Medal. After his demise, Col. Onizuka was regarded in an assortment of ways, including the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. He was raised to the position of Colonel in the Air Force, a respect given to the individuals who lose their lives in administration. Col. Onizuka is covered at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu. His achievements have been memorialized on structures, roads, a space rock, a Star Trek shuttlecraft, and other science and designing related structures. Different foundations, including the Gemini Observatories and different offices in Hawaii, hold yearly Ellison Onizuka days for designing and science symposia. The Challenger Center Hawaii keeps up a salute to his support of his nation and to NASA. One of two air terminals on the Big Island is named for him: the Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keahole. Space experts additionally perceive his administration with the Onizuka Center for International Astronomy. It

ESOP A Viable Option for Retaining Key Employees

ESOP A Viable Option for Retaining Key Employees Companies are faced with an increasingly competitive job market and they need to be smart about the benefits they offer employees to ensure the best talent stays in the business. The competitive job scene has given rise to many employee benefit systems that look to keep employees motivated and feel financially rewarded. One such scheme is the employee stock ownership plan (ESOP), which has often been hailed as the best way to provide financial incentives for employees.We’ll explore what ESOPs are all about and how the scheme can be used in the company. We’ll then look deeper into the benefits and drawbacks of using the scheme as an option for retaining key employees, before focusing on the conditions that are required for ESOPs to work. © Shutterstock.com | Biz Idea ProductionIn this article, you will learn 1) what ESOP means, 2) the uses of ESOP, 3) the advantages and 4) disadvantages of ESOPs in retaining employees, 5) best situations for ESOPs, and 6) a conclusion.WHAT IS AN ESOP?An employee stock ownership plan, or ESOP, is an employee-owner program which is widely used in a number of different countries around the world. ESOP provides a person working in the company an ownership interest in the company in the form of stock shares.The ownership of the stocks usually comes with no up-front costs, although ESOPs will, in most instances, be part of the total remuneration for the work performed.The shares, which are part of the ESOP, are typically held in a trust and will be sold once the employee either retires or leaves the company. The profits are then provided to the owner of the shares, i.e. the employee.There are some differences in the way ESOPs are used depending on the type of company in question. There ar e further differences between countries. ESOPs were originally created in the US, as American companies wanted to encourage capital expansion and economic equality. Since then the use of ESOPs has moved beyond the US and many countries now use employee stock ownership plans to boost employee satisfaction.It is important to note that while ESOP schemes give the employee shares in the ownership of the company, it doesn’t typically give them a say in how the company is run. Therefore, the scheme only acts as a financial incentive or a benefit, not an actual vote in matters relating to the business side of the company.Each country also has their own specific laws and regulations regarding the intricate details of ESOPs. While the basis behind the plan remains the same around the world, there are finer differences in how ESOPs are taxed and what conditions need to be met before the scheme can be set up. It is always advisable to share your company’s plans with a special adviser to en sure you follow the rules of your country.It is important to note that there are alternatives to using ESOPs. Some of the most common schemes include:Stock options â€" the biggest difference between stock options and ESOPs is the ability to have a say in some matters of running the company.Direct purchase plans â€" employees can buy stock with their own moneyPhantom stock â€" provides the employee with a future cash bonus similar to the value of owning sharesCooperatives â€" employees join the membership of owning the company and they’ll then receive a vote in the company. This scheme can also include members that do not work at the company.THE USES OF ESOPESOPs can be used in a variety of different ways and many companies have their own unique reasons for setting up the scheme. There has previously been plenty of focus on using ESOPs as a way to save troubled companies, but this isn’t as commonly used as many people might think.In general, ESOP use falls under one of two catego ries: a way to finance the growth of the company or a way to provide more benefits for employees to act as incentives.In more detail, this means that ESOPs can be used in the following ways:Buying the stock of a retiring ownerMany companies use ESOP as a financing method, especially in situations where the majority shareholder is leaving the company. In this instance, the retiring majority shareholder or owner sells the stock to an ESOP.This provides the majority shareholder a means to enjoy tax incentives for the sale and provides more security and financing for the company and its employees.Financing expansion by borrowingFurthermore, companies can use the ESOP scheme to borrow money for the company. ESOPs can borrow money more easily and in most instances can do so while enjoying tax deductions on interest payments!Creating an additional employee benefitBut using an ESOP as an additional employee benefit is perhaps the most common use of the scheme. By providing the employee with direct ownership of the company, many argue the employee will be more devoted and interested in ensuring the company succeeds.Studies have been keen to back ESOP as a successful employee benefit, especially in terms of retaining an employee. The Gene ral Social Survey done in the US found in 2012 that employees participating in an ESOP scheme were four times less likely to be laid off than employees that had no ESOP scheme in place.Furthermore, a previous 2010 study by the same organization found that 13% of employees with ESOPs were planning to walk out of the company they were in, while 24% of employees with no ESOPs planned to do the same.You can find out about one company’s experience with ESOPs from the YouTube video below: THE ADVANTAGES OF ESOPs IN RETAINING EMPLOYEESIt’s time to delve more deeply into the benefits of ESOPs, especially in terms of retaining key employees in the company. What are the benefits of an ESOP that could offer an incentive for an employee to sta y with the company long-term?The most common benefits of ESOPs include the following:1) Tax advantages and other financial rewardsWhile an ESOP provides great financial benefits for the owners of the company and the company itself, the financial benefits for the employee are also great. Therefore, most companies use the financial benefits as an incentive for employees. Simply put, if you enjoy a financial reward for remaining with your company, you are less likely to walk away.The biggest tax benefit for employees is how the ESOP can grow without any tax burden for the employee. This is enhanced by the fact that an employee can transfer an ESOP to another retirement plan without any additional tax payment on this distribution. Considering that the employee has not paid anything to participate in the scheme, this can act as a powerful incentive.Additional financial rewards might also be included. The employee might receive extra bonuses through the ESOP scheme, if the company results are good.2) Incentive-based retirement to attract employeesMost of us are looking forward to a relaxing retirement; although employees are becoming increasingly aware of the need to plan their retirement well to guarantee it is a financially secure one. As ESOPs come at no extra cost to the employee, they are considered a great way to add more financial security to one’s retirement.Furthermore, it adds an incentive for the employee to work harder. If the company can provide the employee with a well-thought ESOP, it also takes away the burden of planning from the employee. This can be a great motivator for many employees, as it gives them more peace of mind about the future.3) Morale boost and sense of ownershipESOP schemes are good at providing employees with a deeper sense of ownership in the company. Naturally, as the employee now has an actual monetary stake in the company, there are more incentives to ensure the company succeeds as well.This alone can help motivate the employ ee and act as a morale booster. While the well-being of the company is naturally important to all employees (for fear of losing one’s job), an extra monetary incentive enhances employee motivation.4) Improves communication as both benefitSometimes problems in companies come down to poor communication, as employees are often unaware of the ‘bigger picture’. While ESOP schemes don’t require the company’s management to share too much detailed information about the company financials, employees participating in ESOPs are guaranteed to be informed about the overall health of the company.An ESOP scheme automatically enhances communication, as it forces both the management and the employee to share information. Improved communication can lead to changes in the way the company operates and can help the company overcome any problems that may arise.THE DISADVANTAGES OF ESOPs IN RETAINING EMPLOYEESWhile the above shows there are plenty of benefits to ESOPs, it is important to also un derstand the disadvantages of running the scheme. When it comes to retaining employees at the company, some of the points below might be a deterrent for an employee:1) Difficulties getting access to full amountFirst, it is crucial to note that obtaining access to the full amount can sometimes be a slow process for the employee, as well as provide problems for the company. This can be a big hindrance to employees, although it is mainly a problem for retiring employees.The difficulties arise when the company has to repurchase the ESOP shares from the retiring employee. If the company doesn’t have the funds available to do this, they might offer a payment plan or the employee might even have to hold on to the shares to overcome the funding problem. These options might be more risky for the employee and the financial benefit won’t be realized as quickly as the employee might have hoped.2) The employee stands to lose if the business gets into troubleAll investors know you should neve r put all of your eggs in one basket, and an ESOP scheme unfortunately can do this. Many employees have nearly all of their retirement plans resting on the ESOP scheme and this poses a huge financial challenge.If the company fails or falters, the employee won’t have any protection for the losses they might incur. Although the employee has not had to pay anything for the shares, they might still be relying on the financial gain and therefore, changes in the share price could have a huge effect on the financial security of the employee. While ESOPs in many instances can boost employee morale, if the employee has all eggs in one basket with the ESOP, potential troubles with the company could in turn dampen employee morale.It is therefore crucial to make sure the ESOP is an additional financial scheme for the employee, and companies should instruct employees to have other retirement saving schemes in place as well.3) No influence over the financial benefitFinally, the employee might f eel quite limited in terms of their influence over the financial benefit. While ESOPs can boost employee morale, improved work morale doesn’t automatically mean the share price of the company is going to go up.The share price of a company is determined by many different factors and the employee might feel his or her work doesn’t have a real impact on the price. Therefore, they might feel they have no influence on the financial benefits ESOPs may provide.Considering the effect the most recent financial crash had on people’s confidence in the markets, a financial incentive reliant on market performance might not sound as appealing to employees as it might have a few decades ago.This together with the other issues mentioned can make ESOPs seem unappealing and employees might be more inclined to opt for a different type of financial benefit. It is therefore crucial to find a way to overcome these concerns if a company wants to run an ESOP scheme.THE BEST SITUATIONS FOR ESOPsAs men tioned, ESOPs have plenty of advantages, but there are some downsides to using them as well. Also, it is important to note that not all companies are suitable for running an ESOP scheme.The companies that would enjoy the most benefits from ESOPs and in turn could provide advantages to their employees should have the following characteristics:A privately owned business â€" Although it isn’t a legal requirement, privately owned businesses would make the most of ESOPs. This is due to public companies suffering more from the increase in retirement expenses and reduced earnings.A strong cash flow and history of increasing profits â€" If the company has a very volatile earnings pattern, the ESOPs won’t be such an attractive opportunity for employees. Furthermore, if the business has to lower employee wages because of cash flow problems, the contributions to ESOPs will also suffer.A strong management team â€" If you are looking to use ESOPs, you want to create a strong management cultu re in your team. This boosts shareholder confidence and will be beneficial for cash flow, and therefore will improve the future payments for employees.A diverse group of shareholders â€" You don’t want all the shareholders in the company to be in the same retirement age range, as this means you’ll need to sell a large portion of shares at the same time. Companies with a diverse workforce and shareholder group will enjoy ESOP benefits more.A higher income tax bracket â€" Finally, interestingly companies with a higher income tax bracket can make the most of ESOPs. This is due to the fact that the tax-deductible benefits will be stronger in these companies.The above characteristics are not going to guarantee your company can make the most of ESOPs, but they generally tend to be important for success. If you keep the above in mind when deciding on your ESOP plan, you can make the use of ESOPs a viable option.Furthermore, as the above has shown, many of the advantages are due to prop er planning. If the ESOP scheme is properly planned and implemented, the company can ensure the disadvantages of ESOP are also limited. It might take the company some extra resources, but a well-planned ESOP will provide more benefits to both the company and the employee and show the employee the company has their best interest in mind.CONCLUSIONESOPs are an increasingly popular way to offer something extra for employees. While they are definitely a popular option with plenty of benefits to offer for both employees and the company, you should also be aware of the possible drawbacks. It is vital that any ESOP scheme used by a company is properly planned and administered.While ESOPs can be a great financial incentive for an employee and can help retain key employees in the company, the scheme should never be used as the only benefit system. ESOPs could be a great part of an overall benefits package that helps the employee to feel appreciated and appropriately rewarded at the company, but a company shouldn’t rely solely on ESOPs to keep employees motivated.Your company’s structure and future prospects can all influence the way ESOPs work and it’s a good idea to consult an ESOP specialist before implementing this scheme in your business.

Prohibition Essay examples - 1083 Words

Prohibition, A Complete Failure nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Prohibition had become an issue long before its eventual induction as the 18th amendment in 1920. Organizations came about for the sole purpose of an alcohol free America. In 1833, an estimated one million Americans belonged to some type of temperance association (Behr 12). Many believed the absence of alcohol would help the poor as well as big business. Lower class people would put more money into savings accounts and productivity would increase among workers (Hanson 27). More importantly the â€Å"noble experiment†Ã¢â‚¬â€was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, and improve the health and hygiene in America† (Thorton 1). Although gangsters of the 1920’s†¦show more content†¦Racketeers and gangsters competed for business, spawning a wave of violence across the nation† (Hanson 35). No place was more evident of this than Chicago. â€Å" The evil genius of all gangsterdom was Al Capone, first haled to Chicago at 23 by Johnny Torrio, who was at the time boss of the Windy City’s underworld† (Edey 175). By the time Capone took control in 1925 he controlled all the speakeasies in Chicago, which were estimated to be at 10,000, and had a gang 700 strong to enforce his reign (Edey 175). During Capone’s reign â€Å"Chicago suffered upwards of 400 gang murders a year† (Edey 175). For the most part main stream America accepted gangsters. It was a necessary evil to get the alcohol they craved (Bergreen 231). Until that is, the St. Valentine’s Day Massacre in 1929. â€Å" Crime in Chicago has been so psychologically successful, that it takes such a romantically excessive episode as the recent St. Valentine’s Day Massacre to stir the citizens at all â€Å"(Bergreen 319). Seven of Bugs Moran’s (a chief rival of Capone) men were slaughtered in warehouse on Clark Street in Chicago. The five killers, two dressed as policemen, made a clean get away (Heimel 48, 49). What especially galled officials was â€Å"the spectacle of a squad of hit men masquerading as police†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bergreen 314). As a mark of the violence created by gangsters during prohibition, consider the homicide rate, which increased from less than 7 per 100,000 in1920Show MoreRelatedProhibition Of Drugs And Alcohol1492 Words   |  6 PagesPopular belief holds that consumption of drugs and alcohol encourages violence and that the appropriate response is prohibition of these goods. However, a different viewpoint is that prohibition creates illegal underground markets, which require violence and crime to remedy in-house disputes. 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The negative effects of drug restriction policies include: negative health effects, increased drug effects, crimes at home and abroad, increased violence, misuse of assets and resources, violation of civil rights and excess on criminal and government systems. Heavy emphasis on upholding criminal restrictions on drug creation and selling was also significantly influencing the productivity of illegalRead MoreEffects Of Prohibition On The United States1272 Words   |  6 Pagesadults because it will reduce drug related violence, promote safe drug usage, increase tax revenue, and make permanent recovery from drug usage less difficult. The prohibition on drugs forces people to turn to the black market. Prohibition has created a much larger set of secondary harms associated with the criminal market. 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Lies Youve Been Told About A Separate Peace Essay Topics

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Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Free Essays

string(72) " interest in fertility necessary for the generation of the new life 53\." Unit One 1. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution didn’t include End of hunting-gathering societies 2. Most scholars believe that, during the Paleolithic Age, social organization was characterized by A rough social equality 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide or any similar topic only for you Order Now The earliest metal worked systemically by humans are Copper 4. The spread of the Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by their Knowledge of agriculture 5. Characteristics of complex civilizations Specialization of labor Trade and cultural diffusion Written languages Complex political order and power 6. Evidence proves that the Mesopotamians Traded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, India 7. Major effect of Neolithic Revolution The establishment of sedentary village communities 8. Conditions for women in Mesopotamia Grew increasingly worse over time 9. The division of the ancient people into social and gender hierarchies was first made possible by Rise in agricultural production 10. Ethical monotheism was the tradition of the Hebrews 11. Hammurabi’s code was based on the concept of â€Å"lex talionis† but the punishments were shaped by The social standing of the accused 2. The Hittites who were the most influential ancient Indo-European migrants into southwest Asia are credited for Horse-drawn chariots Metallurgy Migrating from southern Russia Defeating the Babylonians 13. The society who began the custom of embalming to preserve the body for its life after death Egypt 14. Which metal was most important in transforming agricultural societies into large urban civilizations? Iron 15. In which society did women enjoy the most freedom and opportunity? Egypt 16. In tribes which, as early as 3000 BCE, began to spread their language and agricultural techniques throughout Africa were the Bantu 17. The Chinese philosophy that promoted strict social and political control was * Legalism 18. Social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were * Less pronounced than in Neolithic 19. By spreading their language across a huge stretch of Africa, the Bantu played a role similar to that played by * Indo-Europeans 20. The Bantu probably began their migrations because of * Population pressures 21. Much of the early Harappan history remains a mystery because * The archeological remains are under water 22. The biggest military advantages of the Indo-Europeans was * Their horses 23. Most of our information about the early Aryans comes from the * Vedas 24. Correct groupings of early societies and their rivers * Mesopotamia – Tigris Euphrates; Egypt – Nile; Harappan – Indus; China – Huang He 25. Harappan society * Most of their houses featured private showers and toilets * They traded extensively with the Mesopotamians * They had social distinctions They produced representational art 26. Group that retained much more influence on family structure in China than in other early civilizations * The extended family 27. The Chinese concept of the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† was sometimes used to justify * Rebellion 28. Early China enjoyed lasting direct long-distance trade with * None 29. Ritual bloodletting was crucial to Maya rituals because * It was associated with rain agriculture 30. The most characteristic artistic creation of the Olmecs were * Colossal human heads sculpted with basalt 31. The Aryans affected the Indian sub-continent by A common written language * Adding race to the caste system * Establishing the Silk Road trade * Advanced use of technology 32. Which of the following mathematical concepts, essential for positional notation and the manipulation of large numbers, was invented by Mayan mathematicians? * Zero 33. The ultimate source of wealth in any agricultural society is * Land 34. This passage from the Upanishads explain what Hindu concept? â€Å"According as a man acts and walks in the path of life, so he becomes. He that does good becomes good; he that does evil becomes evil. † * Karma 35. Which early Mesopotamian ruler believed that the gods had chosen to â€Å"promote the welfare of the people†¦ (and) to cause justice to prevail in the land†? * Hammurabi 36. During the time of the Aryans the Indian political landscape was characterized by * A series of small kingdoms 37. Contributions of the River Valley Civilizations * Metallurgy in agriculture, welfare and art * The wagon wheel * Written forms of communication * The calendar and the 60-second minute 38. What two River Valley civilizations are most alike as far as their use of regionalism and the decentralization of political power? * Olmec and Chavin 39. Confucian social order * Loyalty to the ruler * Filial obedience to one’s father * Respect of younger brother to older brother * Respect of husband to wife 40. Women were important contributors to the agricultural revolution because they were likely the * Gender who gathered edible plants and grew various grains 41. Shang and Zhou China originated the â€Å"Mandate of Heaven† primarily * As a way to demonstrate the divinity of the emperor 42. The government structures of early Mesopotamia and Egypt * In both civilizations power was concentrated in the hands of a king who was considered a god 43. The Chinese copied their chariots from * The steppe nomads 44. The Period of Warring States refers to the * Chaotic last centuries of the Zhou dynasty 45. The early Chinese shipped textiles and metal goods to the ancestors of the Turks and Mongols in the steppes and received what in return? * Horses 46. Which of the following is a key philosophical and religious element of Daoism? * Emphasis on harmony between humanity 47. Which of the following describes the major effect of Bantu migrations? * Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan Africa 48. Confucius argued that * Educations is essential to becoming a refined gentleman 49. The device the ancient Olmec build in order to trap silt carried by the numerous rivers passing through the Mesoamerican lowlands * Terraces 50. The proper order from top to bottom of the original Aryan caste system? * Priests, warriors, farmers/merchants, laborers, polluted laborers 51. One key role of the caste system which was unlike other systems of social inequality in the ancient world was that the caste system * Served to maintain order and stability as political systems did in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China 52. What purpose do scholars believe paleolithic Venus figurines served? The figurines reflect a deep interest in fertility necessary for the generation of the new life 53. A key geographic difference between ancient Egyptian, Mesopotamian, Harappan, and Chinese society was that Egypt and China were more isolated and therefore protected by their environment than there were the Mesopotamians or Harappans 54. Olmec and Mesopotamian political traditions are an example of * Decentralized monarchy 55. Because of the immense size of the Zhou state, its emperors were forced to * Institute a feudal system of the government Unit Two 1. An important reason for the fall of the Roman, Han, and Gupta empires was * Intensified invasions and security issues along their frontiers 2. Before 500 C. E. Judaism and Hinduism were similar in that both * Had written scriptures and an ethical code to live by 3. In organizing their empire, Persian rulers relied heavily on techniques of administration from the * Mesopotamians 4. The Medes and Persians were originally * Indo-European tribes 5. The classic Persian governmental approach was * An enlightened an tolerant one 6. The Persian legal code was designed to * Codify laws of the subject peoples 7. The center of the Persian communications network was * The Royal Road 8. Basic tenets of Zoroastrianism that influenced later religions * The belief in heaven and hell * The encouragement of high moral standards * The doctrine that individuals will undergo a final judgment * The belief that each individual plays a key role in determining his or her spiritual destiny 9. The Qin and Han dynasties * Went further than the Persian emperors in their efforts to foster cultural unity 10. Confucian terms * Ren – benevolence * Xiao – filial piety * Dao – way * Junzi – superior individuals 11. The philosophy that criticized the social activism, and instead, proposed a life of reflection and introspection was * Daoism 12. What was the school of philosophical thought that returned order to China after the Period of Warring States? * Legalism 13. Qin Shihuangdi’s most important contribute to China was * Establishing a precedent for centralized imperial rule 14. The Han philosophy of rule was * A contribution of Qin policies of centralizations 15. In 124 B. C. E. , Han Wudi transformed China by * Establishing an imperial university 16. Which popular treatise emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, and devotion to their husbands as the virtues most appropriate for women? * Admonitions for Women 17. As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy, * The gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large 18. The Indian political scene changed dramatically in 520 B. C. E. when new administrative techniques were introduced after the invasion of the * Persians 19. The rock and pillar edicts were issued by Ashoka 20. One of the biggest financial problems of the later Mauryan period was the ruler’s decision to * Debase the currency 21. Politically, the Guptas * Left local government and administration in the hands of their allies 22. The success and timing of trade, through the Indian Ocean basin, largely depended on * Understanding the rhythms of the monsoon winds 23. One of the biggest transformations of the caste system during this period was * The rise of guilds, which essentially served as jati 24. The greatest social contribution of the Jains was The fact that they did not recognize social hierarchies based on caste 25. When Krishna tells Arjuna, in the Bhagavad Gita, â€Å"Having regards to your own duty, you ought not to falter, for there is nothing better for a Kshatriya than a righteous battle,† he is referring to what Hindu principle? * Dharma 26. The political structure of the ancient Greeks * Usually considered of independent, autonomous city-states 27. The Greeks used the word polis to refer to the * The city-state 28. Athenian democracy was open to * All Athenian citizens 29. Events that occurred during the time of Pericles * Athenian democracy reached its high point Athens became the most sophisticated of the poleis * Athenian expansion and arrogance helped spark the Peloponnesian War * Athens underwent a massive building program 30. Affects that came about because of Greek colonization * An increase in the size and diversity of trade * The spread of Greek language and cultural traditions * A quickening of the tempo of social life * Increased contact with other societies 31. Consequences of the Neolithic Revolution * Incidence of disease increased * Widening gender differences * Rapid increase in human population * Increase in reliable food supply 32. In The Republic, Plato proposed that the true rulers of society should be * Philosopher kings 33. The Roman policy toward conquered peoples was * Generous with potential for citizenship 34. The Roman policy of toleration and respect for conquered peoples was most similar to the * Persians 35. The land route of the silk roads ran from the Han capital of _____________ to the Mediterranean port of _____________. * Chang’an; Antioch 36. Latifundia were * Enormous plantations worked by slaves 37. After naming himself dictator in 46 B. C. E. Julius Caesar * Launched large-scale building projects in Rome Extended Roman citizenship to peoples in the imperial provinces * Appointed some Gauls to the Roman senate * Seized the land from the conservatives and distribute it to his army veterans 38. The reign of Augustus inaugurated a period known as paxromana in which caused * Common coinage * Common language * Greco-Roman art * Stoicism 39. Foundations of Roman Law * The principle that defendants were innocent until proven guilty * The notion that defendants had a right to challenge their accusers before a judge in a court or law * The ability of judges to set aside laws that were inequitable 40. The information that Zhang Qian brought back encouraged Han Wudi to destroy the Xiongnu and lay out the foundations for the * Silk roads 41. The fact that by the first century C. E. southeast Asian kings called themselves rajas shows how they were influenced by the * Indians 42. By around the year 600 C. E. , the ravages of epidemic diseases had caused both the Mediterranean and Chinese populations decrease by * At least a quarter 43. In the year 184 C. E. , peasant discontent in China led to an uprising known as the * Yellow Turban rebellion 44. With the collapse in political order after the fall of the Han Empire, * Daoism and Buddhism became much more popular 45. The Roman Empire was divided into two parts by * Dio Cletian 46. The social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were * Did not exist as they did in pervious times 47. After the collapse of the western half of the Roman Empire, imperial authority survived for another thousand years in the * Byzantine Empire 48. Major effect of Bantu migrations * Cultural commonalities in sub-Saharan Africa Unit 3: Part I 1. Agricultural production increased throughout medieval Europe mainly esult of a * A heavier plow * Water and wind powered mills 2. Arabic conquests of Mesopotamia and Persia influenced the women in the Islamic world by making * Society more patriarchal 3. Characteristics of the medieval period of Europe * Political order through feudalism * Economic order through manorialism * Religious order through Church * Expanded trade and education 4. The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C. E. to 1450 C. E. resulted in the spread of what from South Asia? * Technological and scientific concepts such as decimal and zero 5. Foot binding is probably the best example of * The increasingly patriarchal nature of Chinese society 6. During the Tang and Song periods, the imperial â€Å"examination system† * Expanded and filled posts based on intellectual ability and merit 7. When comparing northern and southern India during the postclassical era, it can be stated that * The south suffered through far fewer invasions than the north did 8. The success of the Byzantine â€Å"theme system† was most dependent upon * Promoting rural agriculture with few imperial restrictions 9. Islam became very popular in India and within different segments of Hindu society because * It emphasized equality and it was less exclusionary than Hinduism 10. The term â€Å"samurai† describes men in feudal Japan who were most like these men in Europe * Knights 11. Gender relations up to 1000 C. E. * In some societies, women enjoyed more rights than in others 12. The impact of commercial trade during this period * Technology, crops and religious ideology spread from China in the east to Europe in the west while also connecting India, the Middle East and Africa’s Swahili coast 13. Constantinople Was constructed by Constantine * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on the Sasanid Empire in Persia * Was built because the eastern half was the wealthier and more productive part of the empire * Allowed the imperial court to keep watch on Germanic tribes on the Danube 14. The items Marco Polo encountered at Kublai Khan’s court and described to Europeans * Paper money * Food stocks – noodles * â€Å"Black stones† – coal * Gunpowder 15. Middle Eastern trade in the period between 1000 to 1400 * A unified Islamic Empire which eliminated tariffs and encouraged trade 16. Justinian’s most significant long-term accomplishment * He regulated and established a new uniform legal code for his empire 17. Comparison of the political systems in western Europe and China during the time period 1000 – 1300 * Western Europe developed multiple monarchies while China maintained a single empire 18. After the fall of Rome, the only real institutions of learning in Western Europe were the * Christian monasteries 19. Hagia Sophia was * The magnificent church at Constantinople 20. Major public work that was first constructed by emperor Yangdi during the Sui Dynasty in China * The Grand Canal 21. A result of the Viking raids on Europe from the 8th to the 10th centuries was that * Europeans organized into feudalistic societies for protection 22. In 1054 the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople * Mutually excommunicated each other 23. Charlemagne * He expanded the Frankish territory * He supported education and literacy * He instituted the missi dominci * He established his capital in Aachen 24. Guilds during the Late Medieval period Admitted women as members 25. Relationships between Islam and the influence it received from other cultures * India – mathematics economics * Persia – literacy works politics * Greece – philosophy medicine * China – paper, cotton silk 26. The main Indian influence on Islamic thought was in the field of * Mathematics 27. Major result of the Christian Crusades * Europeans were introduced to new technology, trade and cultural exchanges 28. Common feature of most Middle Eastern, Asian and European societies during the period of 1000 to 1450 * A close association with religion 29. The most striking difference between the Tang and the Song dynasties affecting their survival was * The differing ways they chose to deal with nomads on their frontiers 30. The two major sources of stability during the Medieval period of Europe * Feudalism and the Catholic church 31. In regard to political structure, postclassical India * Developed no single centralized imperial authority 32. An invasion in 451 C. E. , by the White Huns, began the collapse of the * Gupta dynasty 33. In 711, the northern Indian area of Sind fell to the * Umayyad dynasty 34. The most important new crop introduced to China during the Tang and Song periods was * Fast-ripening rice 35. The primary difference between Shiite Muslims and Sunni Muslims is a disagreement over * The leadership of the Muslim community after Muhammad’s death 36. The Indian ruler Harsha was known for * His Buddhist faith and his benevolent treatment of his subjects 37. Legacy of the Vikings during the medieval period * Feudalism * Exploration * Warfare * Shipping technology 38. The Abbasid Dynasty differed from the Umayyad Dynasty in that * It was not a conquering dynasty 39. The Delhi sultans were Never able to expand their control beyond northern India 40. The Crusades by European Christians at the end of the eleventh century were motivated primarily by * Efforts to unite religious power and retake control of Jerusalem and the Holy Lands 41. An example of interaction among Indian, Arab and European societies by 1200 was the transfer of * Numerals and decimal system 42. The Tang planned to avoid the concentration of land by the wealthy by implementing the * New economic planning system 43. Zheng He was * The Chinese admiral who made seven journeys of exploration 44. Hindu temples Played an important role in the agricultural and financial development of southern India 45. Major reason for the rapid expansion of Islam during the 7th 8th centuries * The advanced military technology of the Islam forces 46. India was a natural location for the establishment of emporia because of * Its central locations in the Indian Ocean basin 47. Achievements of the Early Middle Ages * A restoration of political order through a feudal system * Some economic recovery because of agricultural advancement * The creation of an institutional framework for the Christian church based in Rome 48. The adoption of the Neo-Confucianism by the Ming dynasty during the 14th century was primarily motivated by the * Need for competent government administrators 49. The Byzantine Empire achieved * The conversion of many Slavic peoples to Christianity 50. Islamic Chinese empires in the postclassical period (700 – 1200 C. E. ) shared a characteristic of * Extensive urbanization maritime trade 51. Most important effect of Islamic expansion on the civilizations of medieval Europe * The transmittal of Greek Arab learning 52. The development and spread of Christianity and Buddhism both * Were outgrowths of other religions * Were aided in their spread by the trade networks * Developed monastic orders * Venerated people of high spiritual merit 53. In medieval society, political power was vested in * Local authorities 54. The most important relationship in feudalism was between * Lord and retainer Unit 3: Part 2 1. The largest empire of all time was created by the * Mongols 2. The Inca quipu was * A record keeping device consisting of small cords with knots 3. The political power of the khans was based on Indirect rule through the leaders of allied tribes 4. In an effort to strengthen the Mongol fighting forces, Chinggis Khan * Formed new military units with no tribal affiliations 5. Who made a famous pilgrimage to Meca in 1324 – 1325? * Mansa Musa 6. Khubilal Khan’s military and imperial pursuits * Had little success when he tried to conquer Vietnam, Cambodia, Burma, and Japan 7. Ethiopian Christianity * Retained both traditional African and Christian beliefs 8. The Mongols brought greater integration among Eurasian peoples by * Increased trade * Resettlement of conquered peoples Diplomatic missions 9. Devastation wrought by the bubonic plague played a key role in the fourteenth century collapse of the * Yuan dynasty 10. The introduction of a new crop about 400 C. E. encouraged a fresh migratory surge in Africa. What was the crop? * Bananas 11. The first European nation to dominate trade with Asia was * Portugal 12. By the middle of the first millennium B. C. E. , the Bantu had begun to produce * Iron 13. The late fourteenth century Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolla, was * Tamerlane 14. One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was * The domestication of the camel 15. By the tenth century C. E. , the kings of Ghana had converted to * Islam 16. Foundations of Mali’s power * Control over trans-Saharan trade * A strong cavalry * A series of powerful kings 17. During the period of Mongol domination, * Long-distance trade became much less risky 18. In regard to political structure, the Aztec empire * Had no elaborate bureaucracy 19. Just as the kingdoms of west Africa depended on trans-Saharan trade, the kingdoms of east Africa depended on * Indian Ocean trade 20. The Ilkhanate in Persia began a rapid decline in the 1200s * After the government issued paper money 21. Since there was no concept of private ownership of land in sub-Saharan Africa, * Slave ownership formed an important aspect of determining personal wealth 22. Historians estimate that between 750 and 1500 C. E. , the number of slaves transported north as part of the trans-Saharan slave was * Ten million 23. In the five centuries after the year 1000 C. E. , the peoples of the eastern hemisphere * Traveled and interacted more intensively than ever before 24. By 1750, all parts of the world participated in a global trade network in which European’s played dominant roles except * Australia 25. Khubilal Khan employed Marco Polo in administrative posts * Because he did not entirely trust his Chinese subjects 26. When Pope Innocent IV sent envoys to invite the Mongols in an alliance against the Muslims, * The khans declined and in turn told the Christians to submit to Mongol rule or be destroyed 27. Ibn Battuta was able to travel so extensively because * His religious and legal training allowed him to serve as qadi 28. Product that had a new impact during this period of increasing interaction * Silk 29. The North American Indian societies * Possessed no form of writing 30. Common results of a bubonic plague * A decline in trade * A decline in population * Peasant rebellions caused by efforts to freeze wages 31. The Yongle Encyclopedia * Represented the Ming rulers’ interest in supporting native Chinese cultural traditions 32. Central to the Renaissance thought beginning in northern Italy was * A fascination with the ancient world 33. Mali became the wealthiest kingdom in sub-Saharan Africa because of * Its control of the gold trade 34. Humanist moral philosophers believed that * People could lead morally virtuous lives while participating in the world 35. Under Spanish rule of the Philippines, the native population * Was pressured to convert to Roman Catholicism 36. In regard to exploration, Prince Henry was to Portugal what _________ was to China. * Wan Li 37. The Toltec state collapsed by around 1175 because * Of a combination of civil conflict and nomadic invasion 38. The chinampa system refers to * The Aztec practice of dredging fertile muck from the lake’s bottom 39. In regard to gender issues in sub-Saharan Africa, Women had more opportunities open to them than did their counterparts in other societies 40. Rulers among the Mexica were chosen by * A council made up of the most successful warriors 41. A Mexica woman who died in childbirth * Won the same fame as warriors who died valiantly in battle 42. The Aztecs viewed human sacrifice * As an essential ritual to ensure the world’s survival 43. North American societies * Developed on a relatively small scale 44. In regard to political structure, the early Bantu societies * Governed themselves mostly through family and kinship groups 45. The Inca imposed order By taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes 46. Hallmark of Hongwu’s rule * The reestablishment of Confucian education * Extensive use of the civil service system * The reestablishment of the civil service system 47. The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian aborigines * Did not diffuse much beyond their own regions 48. During the early modern era, which of the following non-European peoples explored the Indian Ocean? * Chinese 49. In sub-Saharan Africa, an age grade was * A publicly recognized group that performed tasks based on their strength and maturity 50. Main inspirations for European exploration * The desire to conquer China and India 51. The invasions of the nomadic Turkish and Mongol tribes between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries * Facilitated greater cross-cultural communication and integration 52. Reasons for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route * The spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerous * The high prices charged by Muslim merchants * The demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese ginger 53. The Reconquista came to an end in 1492 when * The Muslim kingdom of Granada fell to Spanish Catholic forces 54. Chinese inventions * Sternpost rudder and magnetic compass 55. The profitable merchandise that Vasco da Gama purchased in India was made up of * Pepper and cinnamon 56. The Portuguese dominance of trade was dependent on their ability to * Force merchant ships to call at fortified trading sites and pay duties 57. In the end, Portugal was unable to maintain its early domination of trade because * It was a small country with a small population 58. Advantages that the English and Dutch had over the Portuguese * They possessed faster, cheaper, and more powerful ships * They created joint-stock companies * They were wealthier countries 59. The Dutch policy in Indonesia was * To control the production of spices 60. The country that finished the Seven Years’ War with global hegemony was * England 61. In the long term, the Columbian exchange * Increased world population because of the spread of new food crops 62. From 1500 to 1800, the largest contingent of migrants consisted of * Enslaved Africans How to cite Ap World History Units 1-3 Study Guide, Papers

Portrayal Of Reality In Great Gatsby Essays - The Great Gatsby

Portrayal Of Reality In Great Gatsby Mr. Gordan, an esteemed English teacher, once said Literature is Life. I had not been able to grasp the reality of those words until I read The Great Gatsby . After reading The Great Gatsby, I understand that literature is written through inspiration from our daily lives. In this novel, F. Scott Fitzgerald portrays the themes of morality and life versus illusion. Through his excellent writing techniques, Fitzgerald reduces most of the characters of the novel as seemingly obsessed with material possessions, petty, and selfish. Theses characterizations are portrayed because of the realness of human nature. Fitzgerald uses contrasting morals and values of the characters to show the true disparity in human nature. Nick's characteristics are completely incompatible with Tom's. Since Nick has a strong foundation and is honest, he is thus very faithful. His faithfulness and loyalty is apparent when he attends and organizes Gatsby's funeral. On the other hand, Tom is unfaithful and dishonest. He is dishonest with Daisy and Myrtle. He also shows his unfaithfulness when he is not present at the birth of his daughter. In addition, Fitzgerald also uses Tom and Gatsby to show the sentimental disparity. Gatsby is a dreamer and a romantic man, who by following his dreams, went from rags to riches. He is proud of the fact that he has been able to accumulate his wealth independently, despite the fact that it is hinted that much of his money was earned illegally. Tom, on the other hand, is a realist and a straightforward man. He does not dream, as Gatsby does; he merely acts on his instincts. He has n ot earned his great wealth: he has inherited it. In spite of the fact, that all of the main characters in The Great Gatsby have very different personalities; they are however all affected by money. Some characters, like Gatsby and Tom Buchanan, have money, and are very expressive with it. Other characters, such as Myrtle, lust for money. Essentially being of the middle class, Myrtle's attraction to Tom is not based on love or affection. Rather, Tom represents something that Myrtle has never had : endless wealth; and with this Myrtle correlates happiness. Fitzgerald uses the lust for money in his novel because it is one thing that almost everybody in the world lusts for. He also tries to use the prejudices against rich as being flamboyant and superficial to create a contempt against Tom Buchanan and Daisy. However, these prejudices might have some truth or reality to them as Fitzgerald shows it in the end through Nick's judgment. Fitzgerald also adds a dash of reality to his novel when Gatsby doesn't achieve his dream of winning Daisy back from Tom. In this case, the strong, bullying character of Tom represents reality, and with his powerful nature he easily squashes any hopes that Gatsby may have of a relationship with Daisy. This shows that sometimes dreams don't come true, as opposed to the fairy tale version of ?. and they lived happily everafter. Although, Fitzgerald may despise all that the American dream stands for, he more importantly illustrates that it is not always easy to obtain it. The novel ends with the death of Gatsby. This may seem surprising to the reader, as Fitzgerald seems to have built Gatsby up as being one of the true heroes of the novel. However, Fitzgerald understands that reality is often very harsh to dreamers, a central quality in Gatsby's character. The death of Gatsby, and the unaffected life of Tom after both Gatsby's and Myrtle's death is testament to the fact that illusion is often shattered when confronted with reality. Rather than this fact detracting from Gatsby's character; the reader, however, supports the image of Gatsby all the more: a man who has died while in pursuit of something worthy. This alternative is far better than any other solutions. If Gatsby had not died, then he would have been desperate and desolute. In addition, Tom would have had the upper hand and would have only enlarged his own ego. Fitzgerald ends the novel with another reality. He shows that Gatsby's life had no worth if measured with how many real friends

The Supreme Court Reborn by William Leuchtenburg essays

The Supreme Court Reborn by William Leuchtenburg essays William Leuchtenburg's book on "The Supreme Court Reborn" contains nine different essays that talks about the constitutional crisis of the 1930s. Each of the articles focused on the various aspects of the said crisis. Leuchtenburg used these nine articles to stress out his point that whatever decision that the Supreme Court has made during those early 1930s, the decisions came, not from the members of the court, but from the smaller groups or members of Justice Department officials such as the then President Roosevelt, Homer Cummings (the president's attorney general) and Edward Corwin (the departmental consultant). The first four chapters talk about various Supreme Court decisions concerning seemingly alike cases, namely (unt.edu/lpbr/subpages/reviews/leuchten.htm, 1995): 1. The 1927 Buck vs. Bell case – the case that is closely relevant constitutional crisis of 1937 2. The 1935 Retirement Board vs. Alton R. Company – the case that showcased the anti-new deal decision which has invalidated the Railway Retirement Act of 1934 3. The case of Humphrey's Executor vs. United States in 1935 – that resulted to repudiation of Roosevelt's ouster of William E. Humphrey from the Federal Trade Commission 4. The 1937 West Coast Hotel vs. Parrish case – the case that was viewed as the Court's gesture of capitulating on to the New Deal These four cases are specifically chosen by Leuchtenburg because the said cases reflect how Supreme Court was during the early 1930s. Moreover, these cases also show why and how the constitutional crisis started. The other two chapters of the book specifically talk about the start of the Court-packing proposal and the manipulation of political stature that accompanied its presentation to Congress and its eventual defeat. Another chapter tackles the battle over Hugo black's confirmation. It should be remembered that Black was nominated by Roosevelt to replace Willis Van Devanter who ...

9 Mental Math Tricks and Games for Students

9 Mental Math Tricks and Games for Students Mental math deepens students understanding of fundamental math concepts. In addition, knowing that they can do mental math anywhere, without relying on pencils, paper, or manipulatives, gives students a sense of success and independence. Once students learn mental math tricks and techniques, they can often figure out the answer to a math problem in the amount of time it would take them to pull out a calculator. Did You Know? In the early stages of learning math, the use of math manipulatives (such as beans or plastic counters) helps children visualize and understand one-to-one correspondence and other mathematical concepts. Once children grasp these concepts, they are ready to start learning mental math. Mental Math Tricks Help students improve their mental math skills with these mental math tricks and strategies. With these tools in their mathematical toolkit, your students will be able to break down math problems into manageable- and solvable- pieces. Decomposition The first trick, decomposition, simply means breaking numbers down into an expanded form (e.g. tens and ones). This trick is useful when learning double-digit addition, as children can decompose the numbers and add like-numbers together. For example: 25 43 (20 5) (40 3) (20 40) (5 3). Its easy for students to see that 20 40 60 and 5 3 8, resulting in an answer of 68. Decomposing, or breaking apart, can be used for subtraction as well, except that the largest digit must always remain intact. For example: 57 – 24 (57 – 20) – 4. So, 57 – 20 37, and 37 – 4 33. Compensation Sometimes, it’s helpful for students to round one or more of the numbers to a number that’s easier to work with. For example, if a student were adding 29 53, he might find it easier to round the 29 to 30, at which point he can easily see that 30 53 83. Then, he simply has to take away the extra 1 (which he got from rounding 29 up) to arrive at a final answer of 82. Compensation can be used with subtraction, as well. For example, when subtracting 53 –  29, the student can round 29 up to 30: 53 –  30 23. Then, the student can add the 1 from rounding up to yield an answer of 24. Adding Up Another mental math strategy for subtraction is adding up. With this strategy, students add up to the next ten. They then count the tens until they  reach the number from which they are subtracting. Finally, they figure the remaining ones. Use the problem 87 – 36 as an example. The student is going to add up to 87 to mentally calculate the answer. She can add 4 to 36 to reach 40. Then, shell count by tens to reach 80. So far, the student has determined that there is a difference of 44 between 36 and 80. Now, she adds the remaining 7 ones from 87 (44 7 51) to figure out that 87 – 36 51. Doubles Once students learn doubles (22, 55, 88), they can build on that knowledge base for mental math. When they encounter a math problem that is near a known doubles fact, they can simply add the doubles and adjust. For example, 6 7 is close to 6 6, which the student knows equals 12. Then, all he has to do is add the extra 1 to calculate an answer of 13. Mental Math Games Show students that mental math  can be fun with these five active games perfect for  elementary-age students.   Find the Numbers Write five numbers on the board (e.g. 10, 2, 6, 5, 13). Then, ask students to find the numbers that match the statements you will give, such as: The sum of these numbers is 16 (10, 6)The difference between these numbers is 3 (13, 10)The sum of these numbers is 13 (2, 6, 5) Continue with new groups of numbers as needed. Groups Get the wiggles out of students in grades K-2 while practicing mental math and counting skills with this active game. Say, â€Å"Get in groups of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  followed by a math fact, such as 10  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 7 (groups of 3),  4 2 (groups of 6), or something more challenging such as 29-17 (groups of 12). Stand Up/Sit Down Before giving students a mental math problem, instruct them to stand up if the answer is greater than a specific number or sit down if the answer is less. For example, instruct students to stand up if the answer is greater than 25 and sit down if it’s less. Then, call out, â€Å"57-31.† Repeat with more facts whose sums are greater than or less than your chosen number, or change the stand/sit number each time. Number of the Day Write a number on the board each morning. Ask students to suggest math facts that equal the number of the day. For example, if the number is 8, children might suggest 4 4, 5 3, 10  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 2, 18  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 10, or 6 2. For older students, encourage them to come up with suggestions for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Baseball Math Divide your students into two teams. You can draw a baseball diamond on the board or arrange the desks to form a diamond. Call out a sum to the first â€Å"batter.† The student advances one base for  each number sentence  she  gives that  equals that sum.  Switch teams every three or four batters to give everyone a chance to play.

Organizational culture Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational culture - Assignment Example This has enhanced efficiency in operations and reduced time needed for different departments to consult each other in order to come up with the final conclusion (Casestudyinc.com, 2002) The company has maintained open offices leadership. Leaders in Wal-Mart have maintained a close relationship with subordinates by upholding a culture where all members of staff are free to consult the leaders in case of any issue that is of concern. This has acted as a motivation factor to the members of staff. It has opened up new ideas as employees play a major role in giving out ideas as they interact with the customers directly therefore they are able to note any changes in customer’s behavior (Casestudyinc.com, 2002) Wal-Mart has maintained a belief of being the top and only organization in the market. This assumption has enabled employees to work hard in order to maintain this glory. In addition, the company has been using the employees who have succeeded in the company as their role model. A culture of rewarding hardworking employees in the organization has seen a well maintained culture of hard work. This has seen the organization made immense profits as employees are willing to work harder in order to be rewarded (Casestudyinc.com, 2002). Wal-Mart has created a cheer that helps the employees identify themselves with the company and feel proud of the company. This has also helped in boosting the morale of the employees. It also encourage togetherness and hardworking by employees to continue dominating the market (Casestudyinc.com,

Ethics and whistleblowing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics and whistleblowing - Essay Example Introduction ‘Whistleblowing’ basically refers to make any kind of disclosure in the general interest of public. The term is more commonly referred as ‘blowing the whistle’. If the employee working in any organisation feels that there is wrongdoing in their workplace, then they can report this to the management by following the correct processes. By doing so, their employment rights can be protected. It is worth mentioning that the whistleblowers are shielded for the public interest in order to encourage the people to speak out if they feel that any kind of malpractice is going on in the organisation (DirectGov 2011). The statistics published in public interest reveals that the people’s attitude towards the whistle blowing has improved to a great extent. The survey conducted by ‘Public Concern at Work’ in the year 2007 indicated that 85% of the people informed that they would raise a concern with regards to the malpractices that is taking place with the employers. It was further made evident that 31% of the people would go to the regulatory bodies or to the police if the ‘internal route’ was not considered as the option (Public Concern at Work n.d.). Growing awareness of employee rights, Public Interest Disclosure Act (1998), Health and Safety Executive, PR practices, CSR and Internal Codes of Practices have resulted in improving the condition for whistleblowing. UNISON, a public service union collaborated with Public Concern at Work in order to conduct survey to ask 2000 NHS staffs if whistleblowing was working or not. It was found that around 90% of them had blown the whistle at times when they were concerned about patient safety. 50% were not aware of the fact that their ‘Trust’ had a whistleblowing policy. 33% revealed that their ‘Trust’ wanted to blow the whistle despite being aware of the fact that it would result to bad publicity. 30% revealed that their ‘Trustâ₠¬â„¢ didn’t want them to be told that there was a severe problem while 25% said that the culture was improving (Public Concern at Work n.d.). This statistics can be shown graphically with the help of the chart below: Source: (Public Concern at Work n.d.). Source: (Public Concern at Work n.d.). Other Statistics on Whistleblowing Source: (NWC 2008). The figure that is demonstrated above depicts the companies that report operating a whistleblowing system and the percentage of those companies that consider it to be effective (NWC 2008). It has been found from the report that approximately 5678 cases of whistleblowing were received in the fiscal year 2009, which was up by nearly 2000 over the prior fiscal year (Worldwide ERC 2011). The major aim of this study is to evaluate how the organisations can develop an effective approach to the workplace whistleblowing taking into account the needs of its stakeholders. Research Question The main objective of the research is to evaluate how the organisation can develop an effective approach to workplace whistleblowing that takes into account of the needs of their stakeholders. Therefore, the whole assignment

Innocent Drink Analysis | SWOT and PESTEL

Innocent Drink Analysis | SWOT and PESTEL 1. Introduction This report shall analyse Innocent Drinks, which has been cited as one of the fastest growing British companies on record (Phelvin and Wallop, 2008; Reynolds, 2013). This shall be done by giving a brief overview of the Innocent Drinks, carrying out a SWOT analysis in order to determine its prospects and potential challenges, as well as conducting a PESTEL analysis in order to determine the impact its various environments have had and will possibly have in the future. A cultural analysis shall also be performed, as culture has been proven to have an influence on a company’s performance (Kotter and Heskett, 1992). Based on these analyses, recommendations for Innocent Drinks shall be suggested and conclusions drawn. 2. Overview Innocent Drinks was founded in 1999 by a group of three friends – Adam Balon, Richard Reed and Jon Wright – following a positive reception to the sales of their smoothies at a music festival (Innocent Drinks, 2014a; Rubin, 2010). It has grown since then from its small start as a stall set up at the Jazz on Green festival in London to become Europe’s best selling smoothie, with its products being sold in several European countries, a revenue of over  £213.5 million as of 2012, and a consistent increase in market share over the years (Innocent Drinks, 2014a; Reynolds, 2013; Rubin, 2010). Its mission is â€Å"to make it easy for people to do themselves some good – and that doing so should taste good too† (Rubin, 2010, p. 1). Its values are to be natural, entrepreneurial, responsible, commercial and generous (Innocent Drinks, 2014d). The innocent promise is that it â€Å"tastes good; does good†, and this is fulfilled through its use of tasty healthy products which are sustainably sourced, and through giving 10% of all its profits to charity (Innocent Drinks, 2014c, n.p.). The company’s product range is divided into four categories: smoothies, juices, kids’ products (including kid’s drinks and fruit tubes), and foods (Innocent Drinks, 2014b). 3. SWOT Analysis The SWOT analysis below highlights the strengths and weaknesses of Innocent Drinks, as well as the opportunities available to the company and the potential threats it could face. Strengths Innocent Drinks has experienced strong consistent growth over the past years. According to Reynolds (2013), Britvic Soft Drinks reported that Innocent Drinks was one of 2013’s big winners, with a growth in its annual value sales by more than 35%. It was also a sponsor of the London 2012 Olympics, and following this, its sales volume experienced a significant increase of more than 60%. It also has a wide range of products and is continuously increases the number of products in its range (O’Reilly, 2014), and this expansion strategy helps increase its customer base and sales volume. Its recent partnership with Coca-Cola, which involved Coca-Cola buying the majority of its shares, has also enabled it to leverage on Coca-Cola’s marketing, buying and media power, as well as its wealth of experience and available capital. It was also through this partnership that it was able to become the official smoothie of the Olympics (Neate, 2013). Innocent Drinks has also won several awards, including an award from the Healthy Food Guide in 2011 for its Caribbean veg pot, another from the World Juice Award in 2011 for the best new product (its Apple Juice), and another for best packaging (for its carafe), various awards from the Brand Index Buzz, CoolBrands Award, and the Grocer Gold Awards (Innocent Drinks, 2014e). These awards greatly enhance brand awareness and customer perception. It is also seen as a company with strong ethical values, and topped the list of Social Brands in 2012 (Innocent Drinks, 2014e). This is also very beneficial for the company, because strong ethics and environmentally-friendly policies and actions can be a source of reputational, financial and competitive advantage for companies (Markley and Davis, 2007). The ideas, skills, commitment and dedication of the founders as well as the staff of the company is also a key strength of Innocent Drinks, and is one of the reasons behind its growth and expansion over the years. Weaknesses Innocent Drinks is still a growing brand, and has relatively less visibility than other fruit juice brands. It also faces strong competition from Tropicana Products, a division of PepsiCo which is more popular, being the UK’s number one juice brand. When PepsiCo launched its smoothies range in 2008, Richard Reed, one of Innocent Drinks’ founders, stated that their competitor â€Å"is regarded as one of the most ferociously competitive on the planet. They have launched smoothies this year and we are their target† (Sibun, 2008, n.p.). Tropicana also has the advantage of â€Å"60 years of experience in fruit selection and excellent blends† (PepsiCo, n.d., p.1). Innocent Drinks’ prices are also higher than that of other brands, and this can prevent some segments of the market from purchasing their products, and also give competitors an upper hand. Additionally, there have been criticisms regarding its ethical claims (Phelvin and Wallop, 2008; Sibun, 2008). Furthermore, Innocent Drinks major market is the United Kingdom, and the strong reliance on this market leaves it susceptible to economic as well as other challenges faced by this market. Although it has expanded across Europe, its expansion was reported as â€Å"an expensive decision†, with the company recording considerable losses from 2008 to 2011 following the expansion (Anderson, 2012, p. 1). Opportunities A growing interest in healthy eating and healthy lifestyles in general; and campaigns such as the five a day campaign present significant opportunities from Innocent Drinks, particularly as their products are mainly made from fruits and vegetables (Bainbridge, 2013; Briggs, 2014). Bainbridge (2013) notes that as fruit juices and smoothies count towards the target of consuming 5 fruit and vegetable portions a day, they create a marketable health benefit. The fruit juice and smoothies market is also a popular and mature one, with a study by Marketing Week revealing that 88% of respondents had drank fruit juice or smoothies within the previous six months (Bainbridge, 2013). Bainbridge (2013) also notes that growths in the demographic (families, ABC1s and 16-34 year olds) which are above-average consumers of such drinks also lend support to the growth of this industry in general. Threats Reynolds (2013) reports that increases in raw material prices have particularly affected the juice industry. Climate change issues can also have a considerable impact on the supply of fruit, which in turn can affect Innocent Drinks’ juice and smoothie production. Barron (2009, p. 2) notes that Innocent Drinks â€Å"has been made increasingly aware of extreme weather conditions such as higher than average temperatures, drought and hurricanes†. These seriously affect its ability to, and ease of, sourcing particular fruits. There have also been questions regarding the purported health benefits of its juices and smoothies, and these doubts can have an impact on customer perception and sales volumes if not effectively addressed (Hodgekiss, 2013; Mintel, 2010). The information from this SWOT analysis, as well as the PESTEL analysis below, shall subsequently be used as a basis for recommendations for Innocent Drinks. 4. PESTEL Analysis And Analysis Of Innocent Drinks’ Competition The PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal) framework is framework for analysing the macro environment in which an organisation operates. Analysing an environment using this framework enables an organisation to identify, understand and adapt to relevant external factors, and to plan for any effects environmental trends can have on its strategies and activities (Johnson, Whittington and Scholes, 2012). Political Political factors which affect Innocent Drinks include rulings and guidelines by the Department of Health, the Advertising Standards Authority, Trading Standards and the Office of Fair Trading. For instance, the Department of Health changed the 5-a-day guidelines to allow smoothies which contain all edible parts of the fruit used, or which contain 100% pure juice to count as two portions of the 5-a-day (The Telegraph, 2009). The guidelines by these bodes also affect even seemingly minor details. For instance, Innocent Drinks had to fight with trading standards when it wanted to change ‘use by’ to ‘enjoy by’ on its products, as part of the image they aimed to depict (Gubbay, 2011). Economic There are several economic factors which influence Innocent Drinks. These include the economic situation in the countries it operates in, particularly United Kingdom as well as some European countries, tax policies, and other market and industry factors. For instance, Levy (2011, n.p.) reports that smoothie sales fell by a third as they were deemed â€Å"too expensive for credit-crunched Brits†. The Food and Drink Innovation Network (FDIN) (2010) also report that following the recession, Innocent Drinks suffered significantly, with the sales of its smoothies falling by 29% in 2008 and 2009. Social Social factors which affect Innocent Drinks include consumer attitudes and buying patterns, the growth of its target demographics, and various health campaigns such as the 5-a-day campaign. A growing interest in healthy eating and projected growth trends for its main demographic present considerable opportunities for Innocent Drinks in the United Kingdom as well as in Europe in general. Technological Technological factors include innovation regarding new production methods and products, as well as the packaging for its products, recycling, and other trends and advances in manufacturing. For instance, Innocent Drinks had been working on increasing the percentage of recycled plastic used to manufacture its bottles (as it was previously made from 50% recycled plastic). It increased this to 100% in 2007, and is continuously looking for new ways in which it can minimise its impact on the environment through technological advances in manufacturing its packaging (Innocent Drinks, 2007). Environmental Innocent Drinks is affected by various environmental laws such as those regarding the carbon impact of its packaging components, the use of recyclable/renewable material, etc. Innocent Drinks has focused on discovering ways in which it can reduce wastage and its carbon impact on the environment, in terms of packaging, transportation of goods etc. Although it has faced some challenges regarding this, as reported by Phelvin and Wallop (2008) and discussed below under the cultural analysis, it nevertheless makes considerable effort to reduce any negative impact it has on the environment. In 2013 for instance, Innocent Drinks save over 1000 tonnes of plastic by putting its juice carafes on a diet, and also makes use of 100% Forest Stewardship Council certified material for its cartons (Innocent Drinks, 2014f). Legal Innocent Drinks has to comply with various laws including consumer protection laws, industry regulations (such as those outlined above). Legal issues such as competition laws also influence factors such as mergers and acquisitions, as in the case with Innocent Drinks’ partnership with Coca-Cola (Macalister and Teather, 2010). Table 1 below shows Innocent Drinks’ performance compared with other leading drink companies. TABLE 1: THE BRITVIC SOFT DRINKS REPORT: TOP GROCERY, CONVENIENCE AND IMPULSE BRANDS Source: Reynolds (2013, p. 1) It can be observed that Innocent Drinks recorded the highest percentage increase in the group, thus showing a strong growth potential. However, it should also be noted that Innocent is a relatively new company and is also is a rapid growth phase. It may therefore be somewhat challenging to maintain such high growth levels over time. 5. An Analysis Of Innocent Drinks’ Organisational Culture A number of studies have revealed that there is a significant relationship between an organisation’s culture and certain aspects of its performance (Kotter and Heskett, 1992; Rashid, Sabasivan and Johari, 2003). According to Kotter and Heskett (1992), organisations with cultures where emphasis was on leadership at all levels and key managerial constituencies (i.e. employees, customers and shareholders) performed considerably better than companies who did not have such cultural traits (the former experienced a 682% revenue increase on average over a period of 11 years, while the latter experienced 166%). It is therefore important to consider the culture of a company when evaluating its performance. In order to evaluate Innocent Drinks’ organisational culture, Deal and Kennedy’s (1999) typology of corporate cultures shall be used. Deal and Kennedy (1999) outlined four main categories of company cultures based on the degree of risk involved in the activities of the organisation, and the speed at which the organisation and employees obtain feedback regarding the success of their strategies/ventures. They note that these two factors have an impact on the development of cultural elements in an organisation and how these influence the company’s employees. The four categories are: the process culture, bet-your-company culture, work-hard/play-hard culture and tough-guy/macho culture (Deal and Kennedy, 1999; Mullins, 2010). Figure 1 below illustrates these categories: Source: Revenaugh (1994, p. 20) The process culture is characterised by low risk and slow feedback, and this leads employees to focus on how they do things (i.e. the process), rather than what they actually do. Although quite bureaucratic, it can actually be effective when order and predictability is needed (Mullins, 2010). The bet-your-company culture is characterised by high risk and low feedback. In such organisations, due to the nature of the feedback, it can take a long time before the success or failure of decisions becomes apparent. Examples of companies with such cultures are oil companies and investment banks. The tough-guy, macho culture is one which is characterised by high risk, quick feedback regarding actions taken, high financial stakes, and intense pressure and speed. Examples of such organisations with this type of culture include police departments, hospitals and the entertainment industry (Deal and Kennedy, 1999; Mullins, 2010). The work-hard, play-hard culture is few risks, quick feedback and fun and action. In such a culture, there is a â€Å"high level of relatively low risk activity† (Mullins, 2010, p. 741). Deal and Kennedy (1999) point out that a considerable number of sales-driven organisations have this culture. Such organisations are highly dynamic, customer-focused, and place a high emphasis on team work, as it is the team that produces the volume (Deal and Kennedy, 1999; Mullins, 2010). It is important to note though that not all companies will fall strictly into these four categories, and some may be characterised by a blend of more than one, such as banks for instance. Nevertheless, it still provides a useful guide for understanding the culture of an organisation, and taking steps to maximise the benefits of such a culture, as well as handle the challenges such a culture poses. Having briefly described these four categories and based on the information available on Innocent Drinks, the company can be said to have a work-hard, play-hard culture. While it is characterised by a high level of activity, much of it is low risk. It is also sales-driven, has a strong team culture, and a fun, informal approach to carrying out its activities and relating with the public (Innocent Drinks, 2014a). However, a key challenge of this type of culture is that employees can possibly rely on the good performance of a team to hide weak personal performance. Another challenge is that a focus on volume can have a negative impact on quality (Mullins, 2010). Innocent Drinks has consequently been accused of making misleading claims regarding its environmental and ethical credentials (Phelvin and Wallop, 2008). Phelvin and Wallop (2008) reported that while Innocent Drinks leads its customers to believe that it imports the fruit and then makes the drinks in the UK, and that its fruit is always transported by by road or rail because this uses less fossil fuel than air/road transport. This is not the case, as the drinks are actually made elsewhere in Europe, and transported in lorries to the UK for bottling. Innocent Drinks however argued that the company had not deliberately attempted to mislead customers, but had simply stopped publicising where its drinks were made since it moved its production abroad, and had failed to update this information on their web page. 6. Recommendations And Conclusion Having carried out these analyses of Innocent Drinks from various aspects, this section shall use the results of these analyses to offer recommendations to Innocent Drinks. Subsequently, conclusions shall be drawn. From the SWOT analysis, it can be seen that Innocent Drinks needs to work on changing their sourcing strategies, particularly from areas affected by such adverse weather conditions. Innocent Drinks could also work with its suppliers to carry out certain farm practices that will minimise the impact of these conditions such as reforestation, mulching techniques, shade management, improved drainage systems etc. (Barron, 2009). Innocent Drinks’ partnership with Coca-Cola was a good strategy, considering the competition it faced from PepsiCo and the need for enhanced marketing in order to boost its brand visibility and market share. It is nevertheless important that it preserves its key values which have endeared it to customers, and also maintains its reputation as an ethical, environmentally friendly, social brand. This issue of Innocent Drinks maintaining its brand values has been a particular concern for customers following its takeover by Coca-Cola (Cohen, 2011; Macalister and Teather, 2010). As such, efforts need to be made to convince their stakeholders that they will remain loyal to their values. Based on the analysis of Innocent Drinks’ culture, it can be observed that there is a need to pay attention to not just team performance, but the performance of individuals as well. This can be done by ensuring that team leaders allocate specific tasks to various members of the team and hold them responsible for each of these tasks. Furthermore, in reports on the team’s activities, the contribution of each individual member can also be highlighted, in order to avoid social loafing. There also needs to be an increased emphasis on transparency. This is because the discovery that Innocent Drinks is not doing what it claims to be doing can lead to feelings of distrust from customers and other relevant stakeholders. As such, it is necessary to keep the information open to the public on their websites or other similar places up-to-date, and ensure that efforts are made to do what the company claims it will do. It should also aim to effectively address the accusations that its smoothies are high in calories/sugar and are not necessarily as healthy as they are purported to be, due to the processing methods used. Innocent Drinks can also look into the possibility of expanding into other continents such as Asia and Africa, in order to negate the effects of possible adverse market conditions in Europe. However, a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis would need to be done first, in order to determine how feasible this would be. In conclusion, it can be observed that Innocent Drinks has considerable potential to grow and be a market leader in the industry. However, there are a number of weaknesses and threats which need to be managed and possibly overcome. The recommendations outlined above, while not exhaustive, can serve as a guide for Innocent Drinks decision makers and could potentially enhance its customer base, market position and its overall profitability. References Andersen, E. (2012). Innocent Drinks founder: Exporting pushed us into the red.Management Today, 26th October 2012. Available at http://www.managementtoday.co.uk/news/1156817/Innocent-Drinks-founder-Exporting-pushed-us-red/ > Retrieved 28th October 2014. Bainbridge, J. (2013). Sector Insight (Interactive): Fruit juice, juice drinks and smoothies.Marketing Magazine, 14th March, 2013 [Online]. Available at Retrieved 28th October 2014. Barron, V. (2009). Climate Change Impacts on Business: A case study of Innocent Drinks and their top fruits. Available at Retrieved 28th October 2014. Briggs, H. (2014). Fruit and veg: More than five-a-day ‘no effect’. BBC, 30 July, 2014 [Online]. Available at Retrieved 28th October 2014. Cohen, T. (2011) Innocent accused over charity ‘con’.Daily Mail, 27 May 2011. Available at http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1391521/Innocent-Smoothie-maker-defends-handing-520-000-charity-cash-2008.html > Retrieved 28th October 2014. Deal, T.E. and Kennedy, A.A. (1999)The new corporate cultures. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books Gubbay (2011). 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