To what extent was fascist control of Italy 1925-1943 the result of the effective use of propaganda free essay sample

?To what extent was fascist control of Italy 1925-1943 the result of the effective use of propaganda? Propaganda allowed Mussolini to keep a wide control over the Italian population, however there were also other factors that maintained fascist control over Italy, including Mussolini’s link with the church, the banning of opposition, fear and repressive measures and the creation of a secure state. Propaganda was an important step in securing Mussolini’s position in power. He proposed various ways to ensure that the media would represent him in a favourable light. These various tactics included targeting mass media, in which the press office was given responsibility of all aspects of culture and was renamed the Ministry of Popular Culture, this meant that every aspect of media that was exposed to the population was diligently monitored, therefore removing the possibility of opposition being given the chance to flourish. Government agencies designed posters to appeal to the masses, a large percentage of the population were illiterate and so image was important in portraying Mussolinis political ideas. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was fascist control of Italy 1925-1943 the result of the effective use of propaganda? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Newspapers were heavily controlled, and as a journalist and editor himself, Mussolini knew the impact a fascist controlled press could have. Newspapers were expected to steer away from the mention of crime, unemployment and other negative aspects within society, aswell as this, all journalists were to be registered on the fascist lists to ensure their political views were in line with Mussolini’s to prevent them from reflecting any different political views through their work. As well as mass media being controlled, the government also arranged for mass activities to be organised, such as rallies, sporting events and youth leagues. It was important to the government that the youth were targeted in the spread of fascist ideas, as the new generation should be entirely fascist and not introduce any opposition. The Dopolavoro (OND) was also introduced, which consisted of leisure programmes and to over 4 million members, holidays, trips, summer camps and train tickets were organised, whilst they also set out to spread the fascist ideas in especially remote and illiterate areas. By the 1930’s, the OND controlled sporting clubs, theatres, dramatic societies, libraries and bands. These mass activities were intended to keep people happy under the fascist regime, and gave them privileges and opportunities, therefore keeping Mussolini popular among the masses. Power over the church was another thing that maintained fascist control, the catholic church was the main obstacle which stood in the way of Mussolini gaining totalitarian control. Mussolini originally possessed anti clerical views and disagreed with the church on many issues. However, he decided to end this ongoing struggle and instead reach some agreement. His intentions were to limit the impact the Church held on society, and hoped that with support from the Catholic Church, he would appeal more to the predominantly catholic population. Mussolini took various steps to gain a friendship with the church; first of all he became more religious by taking on the role of ‘Prodigal Son’, and married his wife in a church ceremony. This showed the general public that he was a religious man who had respect for the Catholic Church. He also granted the Church additional funds and attempted to save the Catholic bank by investing public funds, Mussolini did this to show that he supported the church financially and was keen to keep the Church stable and economically viable. Mussolini also stopped proposals to tax Church property, and he allowed clerical salaries to be increased. These actions show Mussolini’s eagerness to be associated with the church and to gain support from it. Not only did Mussolini take direct measures in appealing to the Church, but he also changed things within society, such as placing crucifixes in classrooms and the banning of brothels and freemasonry. This showed that Mussolini had taken on a new religious attitude, and it began to appeal to the Church. It was important in maintaining fascist control in Italy because the Church was the cornerstone of society, providing people with education, moral guidance, sanctuary, charity and it had a strong influence over people. If the Church did not support Mussolini, it is unlikely that the masses of Italian Catholics would either. Another way in which Mussolini attempted to maintain fascist control was by banning political opposition. In 1926, other political parties were banned. This allowed the Fascist party to be the leading party without threat from other leaders. Opposition began to fade away in 1925 when some deputies walked out of parliament as a way of protesting Mussolinins speech, which caused them to loose their political voice. This benefited Mussolini as they appeared to be weak and allowed Mussolini to have a leading voice in the chamber of deputies. In 1925, the press law was also introduced which meant that all journalists were to be registered by the state, and editors were closely monitored. This meant that ideas of opposition would not find its way into newspapers and other forms of media which would spread quickly amongst the general public. Finally in 1926 Mussolini took the final step in curbing opposition by banning all political activity out of the PNF and declaring opposition illegal. This meant that the fascist party faced no threats from outside their own party, and the Italian population had no alternative political party to support besides Mussolini. Fear and repression was vital in maintaining fascist control as it acted as way of dealing with anybody who showed resistance to Mussolini’s regime. The policies of ‘confino’ allowed police to banish people to remote provinces or to the southern islands if they showed any sign of opposition or if they were considered to be anti fascist, criminals or suspected of spreading rumours. This meant an ideal solution to anybody who the fascist party regarded as a threat to their success. Without this strict regime in banning rebels, opposition could spread quickly and the fascist party would appear to be weak. Specialised tribunals were also set up in order to tackle terrorists and political criminals, these tribunals were controlled by the militia. Punishments often included life long prison sentences, confinement and occasionally the death penalty. Finally, the creation of a strong state was a key point in marinating control over Italy. Mussolini intended to find a way of making Italy a secure state, and he had various tactics to do this. He controlled the Police, and after a third attempt on Mussolins life he appointed Bocchini the chief of police, and it was estimated that overall the political police carried out 20,000 searches, visits, arrests and seizures of literature. This represents the tight control Mussolini had on the country and the actions of the people. Aswell as the political police, the OVRA were introduced, which were secret police, which carried out important arrests and they had an influential impact on the public. This is an example of how Mussolini used fear to maintain his position in power, and his various numbers of police and secret police ensured that nothing would interfere with his leadership. In terms of the Militia, Mussolini became minister for war, Navy and Air, which in reality did not effect its actions, however it gave Mussolini prestige and he appeared to have more control over the country. Within the civil service, prefects had been given extended powers, and they now played an important role in organising the police, defending the regime and suppressing opposition. The ‘Podesta’ was introduced, he replaced the mayor and local councils and was appointed by a prefect, they were generally elderly conservative men and not representative of the Italian population. This variety of people appointed in important positions ensured Mussolini could create a secure state and no opposition would spread. Overall, the main factor which allowed Mussolini to maintain fascist control was his agreements with the Church, without gaining support from the Church, Mussolini wouldn’t have appealed to the Italian population. For years the Church was responsible for many aspects within society, and in order to gain popular support and maintain fascist control, he would have to gain their support. Although propaganda was an important step in appealing to the population, and repressive measures and a secure state helped him gain and stay in power, the Church would have been a strong barrier in preventing him from gaining totalitarian control.

Killer Angels Summary essays

Killer Angels Summary essays Michael Shaara tells a fictional, but generally historically accurate, story about the four-day series of events and battles that surrounded and comprised The Battle of Gettysburg in his 1974 novel, The Killer Angels. The story represents both the views of the North and the South, and commands the readers understanding and empathy toward each of the characters and views regarding the Civil War. Shaaras portrayal of the war leaves little missed, and vividly details the passion, tension, conflict, trials, victory and defeat. The book is divided into four main sections, and within each section, the action is divided into chapters that represent each characters view of the events. One hundred and forty years later, we relive The Battle of Gettysburg. Part 1 takes place on Monday, June 29th, 1863 and covers the events leading up to the battle. James Longstreets hired spy, Harrison, reports that not only are Union forces are pursuing the Confederates into Pennsylvania, but that President Lincoln has recently fired General Hooker and replaced him with General Meade. This news is invaluable to the Lees forces, because Jeb Stuarts cavalry scouts have left the infantry blind to the enemys movements. When Longstreet reports this news to General Robert E. Lee, Lee decides to move his forces to Gettysburg in hope of destroying Union forces. En route to Gettysburg, with his regiment of soldiers, Colonel Joshua Chamberlain falls victim to sunstroke, and just as he begins to recover, the Union dumps 120 unwilling soldiers under his command, and he is forced to find a way to make them fight. He delivers a powerful speech, which convinces most of the unruly soldiers to fight with him, and nearly doubles the number of troops under his co mmand. The Union cavalry under Bufords command first sees the Confederate infantry heading toward Gettysburg. Buford writes to Reynolds to request reinforcem...

Causes of World War I and the Rise of Germany

Causes of World War I and the Rise of Germany The early years of the 20th century saw tremendous growth in Europe of both population and prosperity. With arts and culture flourishing, few believed a general war possible due to the peaceful cooperation required to maintain increased levels of trade as well as technologies such as the telegraph and railroad. Despite this, numerous social, military, and nationalistic tensions ran beneath the surface. As the great European empires struggled to expand their territory, they were confronted with increasing social unrest at home as new political forces began to emerge. Rise of Germany Prior to 1870, Germany consisted of several small kingdoms, duchies, and principalities rather than one unified nation. During the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by King Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. Following the victory over the Danes in the 1864 Second Schleswig War, Bismarck turned to eliminating Austrian influence over the southern German states. Provoking war in 1866, the well-trained Prussian military quickly and decisively defeated their larger neighbors. Forming the North German Confederation after the victory, Bismarcks new polity included Prussias German allies, while those states which had fought with Austria were pulled into its sphere of influence. In 1870, the Confederation entered into a conflict with France after Bismarck attempted to place a German prince on the Spanish throne. The resulting Franco-Prussian War saw the Germans rout the French, capture Emperor Napoleon III, and occupy Paris. Proclaiming the German Empire at Versailles in early 1871, Wilhelm and Bismarck effectively united the country. In the resulting Treaty of Frankfurt which ended the war, France was forced to cede Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. The loss of this territory badly stung the French and was a motivating factor in 1914. Building a Tangled Web With Germany united, Bismarck began setting about to protect his newly formed empire from foreign attack. Aware that Germanys position in central Europe made it vulnerable, he began seeking alliances to ensure that its enemies remained isolated and that a two-front war could be avoided. The first of these was a mutual protection pact with Austria-Hungary and Russia known as the Three Emperors League. This collapsed in 1878 and was replaced by the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary which called for mutual support if either was attacked by Russia. In 1881, the two nations entered into the Triple Alliance with Italy which bound the signatories to aid each other in the case of war with France. The Italians soon undercut this treaty by concluding a secret agreement with France stating that they would provide aid if Germany invaded. Still concerned with Russia, Bismarck concluded the Reinsurance Treaty in 1887, in which both countries agreed to remain neutral if attacked by a third. In 1888, Kaiser Wilhelm I died and was succeeded by his son Wilhelm II. Rasher than his father, Wilhelm quickly tired of Bismarcks control and dismissed him in 1890. As a result, the carefully built web of treaties which Bismarck had constructed for Germanys protection began to unravel. The Reinsurance Treaty lapsed in 1890, and France ended its diplomatic isolation by concluding a military alliance with Russia in 1892. This agreement called for the two to work in concert if one was attacked by a member of the Triple Alliance. A Place in the Sun and the Naval Arms Race An ambitious leader and the grandson of Englands Queen Victoria, Wilhelm sought to elevate Germany to equal status with the other great powers of Europe. As a result, Germany entered the race for colonies with the goal of becoming an imperial power. These efforts to obtain territory overseas brought Germany into conflict with the other powers, especially France, as the German flag was soon raised over parts of Africa and on islands in the Pacific. As Germany sought to grow its international influence, Wilhelm began a massive program of naval construction. Embarrassed by the German fleets poor showing at Victorias Diamond Jubilee in 1897, a succession of naval bills were passed to expand and improve the Kaiserliche Marine under the oversight of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz. This sudden expansion in naval construction stirred Britain, who possessed the worlds preeminent fleet, from several decades of splendid isolation. A global power, Britain moved in 1902 to form an alliance with Japan to curtail German ambitions in the Pacific. This was followed by the Entente Cordiale with France in 1904, which while not a military alliance, resolved many of the colonial squabbles and issues between the two nations. With the completion of HMS Dreadnought in 1906, the naval arms race between Britain and Germany accelerated with each striving to build more tonnage than the other. A direct challenge to the Royal Navy, the Kaiser saw the fleet as a way to increase German influence and compel the British to meet his demands. As a result, Britain concluded the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907, which tied together British and Russian interests. This agreement effectively formed the Triple Entente of Britain, Russia, and France which was opposed by the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. A Powder Keg in the Balkans While the European powers were posturing for colonies and alliances, the Ottoman Empire was in deep decline. Once a powerful state that had threatened European Christendom, by the early years of the 20th century it was dubbed the sick man of Europe. With the rise of nationalism in the 19th century, many of the ethnic minorities within the empire began clamoring for independence or autonomy. As a result, numerous new states such as Serbia, Romania, and Montenegro became independent. Sensing weakness, Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878. In 1908, Austria officially annexed Bosnia igniting outrage in Serbia and Russia. Linked by their Slavic ethnicity, the two nations wished to prevent Austrian expansion. Their efforts were defeated when the Ottomans agreed to recognize Austrian control in exchange for monetary compensation. The incident permanently damaged the already tense relations between the nations. Faced with increasing problems within its already diverse population, Austria-Hungary viewed Serbia as a threat. This was largely due to Serbias desire to unite the Slavic people, including those living in the southern parts of the empire. This pan-Slavic sentiment was backed Russia who had signed a military agreement to aid Serbia if the nation was attacked by the Austrians. The Balkan Wars Seeking to take advantage of Ottoman weakness, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, and Greece declared war in October 1912. Overwhelmed by this combined force, the Ottomans lost most of their European lands. Ended by the Treaty of London in May 1913, the conflict led to issues among the victors as they battled over the spoils. This resulted in the Second Balkan War which saw the former allies, as well as the Ottomans, defeat Bulgaria. With the end of the fighting, Serbia emerged as a stronger power much to the annoyance of the Austrians. Concerned, Austria-Hungary sought support for a possible conflict with Serbia from Germany. After initially rebuffing their allies, the Germans offered support if Austria-Hungary was forced to fight for its position as a Great Power. The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand With the situation in the Balkans already tense, Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijevic, head of Serbias military intelligence, initiated a plan to kill Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were intending to travel to Sarajevo, Bosnia on an inspection tour. A six-man assassination team was assembled and infiltrated into Bosnia. Guided by Danilo Ilic, they intended to kill the archduke on June 28, 1914, as he toured the city in an open-topped car. While the first two assassins failed to act when Franz Ferdinands car passed by, the third threw bomb which bounced off the vehicle. Undamaged, the archdukes car sped away while the assassin was captured by the crowd. The remainder of Ilics team was unable to take action. After attending an event at the town hall, the archdukes motorcade resumed. One of the assassins, Gavrilo Princip, stumbled across the motorcade as he exited a shop near the Latin Bridge. Approaching, he drew a gun and shot both Franz Ferdinand and Sophie. Both died a short time later. The July Crisis Though stunning, Franz Ferdinands death was not viewed by most Europeans as an event that would lead to general war. In Austria-Hungary, where the politically moderate archduke was not well-liked, the government elected instead to use the assassination as an opportunity to deal with the Serbs. Quickly capturing Ilic and his men, the Austrians learned many of the details of the plot. Wishing to take military action, the government in Vienna was hesitant due to concerns about Russian intervention. Turning to their ally, the Austrians inquired regarding the German position on the matter. On July 5, 1914, Wilhelm, downplaying the Russian threat, informed the Austrian ambassador that his nation could count on Germany’s full support regardless of the outcome. This blank check of support from Germany shaped Viennas actions. With the backing of Berlin, the Austrians began a campaign of coercive diplomacy designed to bring about a limited war. The focus of this was the presentation of an ultimatum to Serbia at 4:30 PM on July 23. Included in the ultimatum were ten demands, ranging from the arrest of the conspirators to allowing Austrian participation in the investigation, that Vienna knew Serbia could not accept as a sovereign nation. Failure to comply within forty-eight hours would mean war. Desperate to avoid a conflict, the Serbian government sought aid from the Russians but were told by Tsar Nicholas II to accept the ultimatum and hope for the best. War Declared On July 24, with the deadline looming, most of Europe awoke to the severity of the situation. While the Russians asked for the deadline to be extended or the terms altered, the British suggested a conference be held to prevent war. Shortly before the deadline on July 25, Serbia replied that it would accept nine of the terms with reservations, but that it could not allow the Austrian authorities to operate in their territory. Judging the Serbian response to be unsatisfactory, the Austrians immediately broke off relations. While the Austrian army began to mobilize for war, the Russians announced a pre-mobilization period known as â€Å"Period Preparatory to War. While the foreign ministers of the Triple Entente worked to prevent war, Austria-Hungary began massing its troops. In the face of this, Russia increased support for its small, Slavic ally. At 11:00 AM on July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. That same day Russia ordered a mobilization for the districts bordering Austria-Hungary. As Europe moved towards a larger conflict, Nicholas opened communications with Wilhelm in an effort to prevent the situation from escalating. Behind the scenes in Berlin, German officials were eager for a war with Russia but were restrained by the need to make the Russians appear as the aggressors. The Dominoes Fall While the German military clamored for war, its diplomats were working feverishly in an attempt to get Britain to remain neutral if war began. Meeting with the British ambassador on July 29, Chancellor Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg stated he believed that Germany would soon be going to war with France and Russia, as well as alluded that German forces would violate Belgiums neutrality. As Britain was bound to protect Belgium by the 1839 Treaty of London, this meeting helped push the nation towards actively supporting its entente partners. While news that Britain was prepared to back its allies in a European war initially spooked Bethmann-Hollweg into calling on the Austrians to accept peace initiatives, word that King George V intended to remain neutral led him to halt these efforts. Early on July 31, Russia began a full mobilization of its forces in preparation for war with Austria-Hungary. This pleased Bethmann-Hollweg who was able to couch German mobilization later that day as a response to the Russians even though it was scheduled to begin regardless. Concerned about the escalating situation, French Premier Raymond Poincarà © and Prime Minister Renà © Viviani urged Russia not to provoke a war with Germany. Shortly thereafter the French government was informed that if the Russian mobilization did not cease, then Germany would attack France. The following day, August 1, Germany declared war on Russia and German troops began moving into Luxembourg in preparation for invading Belgium and France. As a result, France began mobilizing that day. With France being pulled into the conflict through its alliance to Russia, Britain contacted Paris on August 2 and offered to protect the French coast from naval attack. That same day, Germany contacted the Belgian government requesting free passage through Belgium for its troops. This was refused by King Albert and Germany declared war on both Belgium and France on August 3. Though it was unlikely that Britain could have remained neutral if France was attacked, it entered the fray that next day when German troops invaded Belgium activating the 1839 Treaty of London. On August 6, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia and six days later entered into hostilities with France and Britain. Thus by August 12, 1914, the Great Powers of Europe were at war and four and a half years of savage b loodshed were to follow.

Candleford Conservatories Ltd Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Candleford Conservatories Ltd - Assignment Example A rise in foreclosures will hurt businesses in that those who can be potential customers will not be in that they are now not concerned about doing business with companies to obtain the things they want, they now have to be careful with their spending, purchasing only what they need and not what they want. Sometimes, they may not even be able to purchase the things that they need. Almost everyone in some way shape or form will feel the effects of the damage that an eight percent unemployment rate to have on the national economy. If there are problems in the UK, as far as the economy is concerned, there will also be problems with UK international trade in that there will be less goods to export, being that the workforce who will contribute to producing such goods will have dropped due to lack of employment that has resulted from the fall in the economy. Not to mention, inflation will also affect the international trading in that other countries will have to pay more for goods, which in the long run will hurt profits. This will hurt the economy considerably in that the UK will not be able to make money from outside sources as easily as before. The significant unemployment rate will cause there to be a lack of demand for conservatories, which will cause the customer base for Candleford LTD to be significantly less. Unemployment means that there will be a number of foreclosures. The more foreclosures there are, the less that will have homes, and if people cannot hold onto their homes, then conservatories cannot be installed and purchased. When the demand for conservatories drops, this effects everyone at Candleford Conservatories LTD, as the lack of demand can effect whether or not some will continue to have jobs, since the profits that the company brings in supplies workers with their salaries. 12) Illustrating your answer with examples related to the case study; explain the difference between strategic and tactical business decisions. (6) The differences between strategic and tactical business decisions are that strategic business decisions would use the company's history to make future business decisions, carefully strategizing what moves will be made next, as it pertains to the success of the business, and tactical business decisions are methods that the company will be able to employ in order to be successful, such as what tactics that will utilize to target their client base and improve their operations. An example of a strategic business decision is when Paul analyzed the company's history before he made any decisions about the company's operation. For instance, he paid attention to what his father did. He took not of what worked and what did not and carefully considered all factors before taking a first step. A tactical business decision was made when Candleford had to figure out how they would function in a down turning economy where not only did the industries that they so heavily depended upon were drasticall y effected, they had to be creative in getting customers to purchase conservatories. 13) Giving reasons to support your opinion, explain: a) Which industries or sectors of the economy are likely to suffer less

Should we place greater faith in the UN as a means for handling global Essay

Should we place greater faith in the UN as a means for handling global conflict - Essay Example II.United Nations Organisation The history of United Nations Organisation started with the wartime alliance in January 1, 1942. Its official existence came on 24 October 1945. This was the time the Charter had been approved by countries like China, France, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States and by a majority of other signatories. The official language of UN is Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish. There are 192 United Nations member states. It headquarters in New York City. The name "United Nations", coined by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, was first used in the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, during the Second World War, when representatives of 26 nations pledged their Governments to continue fighting together against the Axis Powers. Since 1948 there have been 60 Peacekeeping operations. At present scenario there are 16 peacekeeping operations going on across the world. There a force of around 66,921 as Military personnel and civilian police. 106 Countries are contributing military personnel and civilian police while number of International civilian personnel is 4,475, Local civilian personnel are 7,996 and UN Volunteers are 1,762. The total number of personnel serving in peacekeeping operations is 81,154. Since 1948 there have been approximately two thousand and four fatalities in peacekeeping operations. This fatality figure includes only military and civilian police, civilian international and local personnel in United Nations peacekeeping operations. There approved budget of the UN operations from July 2004-30 June 2005 is about $4.47 billion.

Book of Acts Essay Example for Free

Book of Acts Essay The Book of Acts The book of Act was written by Saint Luke. The date of the writing is uncertain, but most scholars favor the period 8-90 A. D. Some people think that Acts represents normative guidelines for the New Testament church for all times. In this view I think it is agreeable for the book of acts just shows the ideal church with corresponding beliefs and values. This kind of church should be present to all even up to the present times. This book, in which St. Luke records the actions of the apostles, particularly of St. Peter and St. Paul, (whose companion in travel he was,) is as it were the centre between the Gospel and the Epistles. It contains, after a very brief re-capitulation of the evangelical history, a continuation of the history of Christ, the event of his predictions, and a kind of supplement to what he had before spoken to his disciples, by the Holy Ghost now given unto them. It contains also the seeds, and first stamina of all those things, which are enlarged upon in the epistles. The Gospels treat of Christ the head. The Acts show that the same things befell his body; which is animated by his Spirit, persecuted by the world, defended and exalted by God. In this book is shown the Christian doctrine, and the method of applying it to Jews, heathens, and believers; that is, to those who are to be converted, and those who are converted: the hindrances of it in particular men, in several kinds of men, in different ranks and nations: the propagation of the Gospel, and that grand revolution among both Jews and heathens: the victory thereof, in Spite of all opposition, from all the power, malice, and wisdom of the whole world, spreading from one chamber into temples, houses, streets, markets, fields, inns, prisons, camps, courts, chariots, ships, villages, cities, islands: to Jews, heathens, magistrates, generals, soldiers, eunuchs, captives, slaves, women, children, sailors: to Athens, and at length to Rome. Others view it as only descriptive for the 1st century church. Descriptive in the sense that it only describes the pattern and how the church worked during that period of time. The term Acts is not used, as it is sometimes with us, to denote decrees or laws or having to describe it, but it denotes the doings of the apostles. It is a record of what the apostles did in founding and establishing the Christian church. It is worthy of remark, however, that it contains a record of the doings of Peter and Paul. Peter was commissioned to open the doors of the Christian church to both Jews and Gentiles, and Paul was chosen to bear the gospel especially to the pagan world. As these two apostles were the most prominent and distinguished in founding and organizing the Christian church, it was deemed proper that a special and permanent record should be made of their labors. While some think that it is both a normative guidelines and a description of the church of the 1st century. At the beginning of the book the author states his purpose and that is to explain to Theophilus, and to the world, how Christianity arose and began its sweep across the earth. By this time Christianity appeared to be on the way to becoming a world religion, and some account of its beginning was needed so that it might appeal to cultured and learned people. It talks about the Day of Pentecost, empowered by the Holy Spirit; the apostles take the Good News of Jesus Christ throughout the Mediterranean world. The title is misleading, for Acts is not a record of all the original disciples of Jesus. The book gives the early history of Christianity from Christ’s ascension outside Jerusalem to Paul’s visit in Rome. Chapters 1-12 stress the work of Peter in Judea and nearby lands, mainly among Jews. Chapters 13- 28 tell of the far- ranging missionary preaching of Paul, mainly to gentiles. In my opinion it is a normative guideline for the New Testament church. In the book of Acts, it is shown how the people and the believer should act before God. All antiquity is unanimous in ascribing this book to Luke as its author. It is repeatedly mentioned and quoted by the early Christian writers, and without a dissenting voice is mentioned as the work of Luke. The same thing is clear from the book itself. It professes to have been written by the same person who wrote the Gospel of Luke, Ac 1:1; was addressed to the same person, and bears manifest marks of being from the same pen. It is designed evidently as a continuation of his Gospel, as in this book he has taken up the history at the very time where he left it in the Gospel, Ac 1:1, 2. It also shows that the Holy Spirit is really with His people if they will ask from it, for the Holy Spirit will be their comforter and friend. The church nowadays should be guided by the Holy Spirit for a strong foundation. The gospel should be well delivered and evangelized throughout the world by the believers. They should acts upon what is right just like what Paul and Peter did in the book of Acts where in they weren’t afraid to spread the good news among all people. This book has commonly been regarded as a history of the Christian church, and of course the first ecclesiastical history that was written. But it cannot have been designed as a general history of the church. Many important transactions have been omitted. It gives no account of the church at Jerusalem after the conversion of Paul; it omits his journey into Arabia, Gad 1:17; gives no account of the propagation of the gospel in Egypt, or in Babylon, 1Pe 5:13; of the foundation of the church at Rome; of many of Pauls voyages and shipwrecks, 2Co 11:25; and omits to record the labors of most of the apostles, and confines the narrative chiefly to the transactions of Peter and Paul. References: 1. Book of Acts. New Standard Encyclopedia. Volume 2. Pages 355-356. 2. Youth Bible. Holy Bible Contemporary English Version, Global Edition. Pages 861-871 3. Acts of the Apostles. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles

Not Just for Laughs: Remembering the Porter Essay -- essays research p

Macbeth is one of William Shakespeare's most famous plays-a story of murder, betrayal, and uninhibited ambition. After proving himself in war, the titular character is rewarded by Duncan and given the title Thane of Cawdor. Unsatisfied with his new position, Macbeth (partially due to temptations from the witches and his wife) decides to assassinate King Duncan and claim the throne for himself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Porter scene in Macbeth occurs at the beginning of Act 2, Scene 3, just after Macbeth's offstage murder of Duncan. The Porter is the keeper of the Gate at Inverness Castle, and he occupies the stage while Macbeth, who hears the knocking at the end of the second scene, wishes that that the knocking could bring Duncan back to life (II.ii.88-89). Though the Porter scene is only 40 lines, it is quite memorable and also one of the most debated scenes in Shakespeare. The Porter is a special character; he speaks in prose rather than verse. His scene is also notable because it is a dividing point in the play. After his scene, Macbeth's thirst for power worsens, and his wife becomes more and more mentally unstable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Porter imagines himself as keeper of the Gate to Hell. It is a suitable analogy, as he is the porter of a castle which holds a great, ambitious evil that will soon send a nation to war. He imagines himself admitting three men into his castle: a farmer, an equivocator (a Jesuit priest), and a tailor. The farmer hangs himself â€Å"in the expectation of plenty,† the equivocator equivocates, and the tailor cheats his customers by using generic hose instead of high-quality French hose. The Porter also remarks that the castle is â€Å"too cold for Hell,† perhaps implying Macbeth's inherent evil and sinister lust for power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The scene also advances the themes of equivocation and deceptive appearances. Each of the men mentioned by the Porter has somehow equivocated, and the Porter later speaks of alcohol and sex with Lennox and Macduff. He tells the men that such things are catalysts for equivocation. Drink, the Porter says, â€Å"equivocates him in a sleep, and giving him the lie, leaves him,† meaning that drink creates a false illusion of sexual pleasure in a dream (II.ii.34-35). His dialogue, while humorous, reinforces some of the broader themes of the play. There are numerous scholarly ar... ...nces to Hell are Christian, the idea of Macduff as a Christ-like figure is also Christian. Though I say the Nicene Creed every Sunday at church, the idea of Macduff â€Å"descending into Hell† never occurred to me. If anything, he simply seemed nothing more than Duncan's loyal servant. I never made the connection to the end of the play, when Macduff brings about Macbeth's downfall. It is an expansion on Shakespeare's use of Christianity in the play. Macduff found Malcolm and an army to defeat Macbeth at the court of Edward I, a man believed to have the power to cure people with the touch of his hands. The Church provided redemption for Scotland, and by associating Macduff with a Christ-like figure, this motif is continued.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Porter scene is not as simple as it appears. A close, scholarly analysis produces a scene that is more layered than originally thought. Scholars of earlier centuries ignored the scene because of its seemingly crude, prose style; however, it becomes obvious that without the scene, Macbeth loses some of its thematic significance. Works Cited Harcourt, John B. 1961. â€Å"I Pray You, Remember the Porter.† Shakespeare Quarterly 12: 393-402.

Music in a Childs Life

Music in a Child’s Life Friedrich Nietzsche once said, â€Å"Without music, life would be a mistake. † Many people would agree that life would be different without music, but believing that life would be a mistake is a strong statement. Although, taking a look at the ways music has impacted our lives, one might agree with Nietzsche. Music is the fundamental key to developing a well rounded child. As schools are cutting music programs, children’s lives are suffering. For many people, music is a form of self expression; creating an outlet for their energy, and an effective way to develop a child’s brain.Early childhood music lessons have lifelong benefits. Making music is such a basic life skill as walking or talking. As children need these other basic parts of life, they need to be supplied with music as well. For as long as anyone can remember, music has been played and listened to. Music has served many purposes throughout the course of history, like comm unication, praise, enjoyment, etc. Therefore, it is no wonder that music is such an effective tool for developing children. In the Pennsylvania school system, music must be taught up until the fifth grade.It has been said, that when children learn to play a musical instrument, they strengthen a range of auditory skills. A study showed that music lessons in childhood may lead to changes in the brain that persist years after the lessons have stopped. Northwestern University researchers recorded auditory brainstem responses (electrical brain waves) of college students in response to listening to complex sounds. The group, who reportedly had musical training in early childhood, was better able to pick out pitch and other essential elements from the complex sounds with which they had been tested.Having the ability to detect these sounds is unique, giving children the opportunity to use these skills in the future. Many mothers believe that talking to their baby when it is in the womb make s a difference after the baby is born. Authorities also believe that music makes a big impact on unborn infants, babies, toddlers and even high school students because of the skills developed while learning a musical instrument. Music stimulates growth in the brain that can result in better motor skills, advanced auditory and language skills, and a smarter adult.Furthermore, if a child continues to hear music after birth, it can increase their creativity and an abstract mentality. As children grow up, many parents enroll them in music classes to enrich their learning. Not only will this improve their extracurricular activities, but also their academic life. As students advance throughout grade school, there is an evident difference seen between children who have continued their musical training and those who have not.Most children in music programs have better grades and higher test scores when compared to children who have stopped playing their musical instrument in elementary scho ol. A study performed by the College Entrance Examination Board of Princeton, New Jersey showed that students taking courses in music performance and music appreciation scored higher on the SAT than students with no arts participation. Music performance students scored on average 53 points higher on the verbal and 39 points higher on the math portion.Music appreciation students scored 61 points higher on the verbal and 42 points higher on the math portion (â€Å"Profile of SAT Program Test Takers† 3). The U. S. Department of Education recommends the arts to college-bound middle and junior high school students asserting, â€Å"Many colleges view participation in the arts and music as valuable experience that broadens students’ understanding and appreciation of the world around them†( â€Å"Getting Ready for College Early† 12).By having music classes in grade school, children are setting themselves up for a better and more prepared college experience. In ad dition, it plays a part in developing â€Å"children’s intellectual development† (15). The U. S. Department of State also suggests for college-bound high school students to have one year of Visual and Performing Arts classes (16). As students grow up, music plays a less prominent role in their lives, but the skills developed continues.Lewis Thomas, physician and biologist, found that music majors comprise the highest percentage of accepted medical students at 66% (â€Å"Vivo Morphometry† 417). Researchers in Leipzig discovered through the use of brain scans that musicians had larger planum temporale, the region of the brain associated with reading skills. Also, musicians had a thicker corpus callosum, the nerve fibers that connect the two halves of the brain.Therefore, children who have learned music at a young age have grown up to have better reading skills and are better able to utilize both sides of their brain because of a thicker corpus callosum. Businesses have also recognized the benefits of musical education in their employees. In fact, according to Norma R. Augustine, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Martin Marietta Corporation, â€Å"The arts enrich communities and employees, and also stimulate the kind of intellectual curiosity our company needs to stay competitive†(â€Å"Music’s Values†).As seen throughout many cases, students who have developed musical skills in grade school grow up to have a more stimulated brain. Former presidents John Quincy Adams and Bill Clinton played the flute and saxophone. Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, played the baritone. These three men developed a musical intelligence from playing an instrument while growing up. Throughout many generations, music had been integrated into society. Without music, the lives of many individuals would not have been enriched with ingenuity and creativity.

Dreamliner 787 Case Essay

Tara Lentini Week 3 Case Assignment Boeing: Dreamliner 787 Discuss the nature of the market structure and demand for the Dreamliner. What are the implications for Boeing and its customers? The market structure for the Dreamliner is that of an oligopolistic nature which means there are few aircraft manufactures who sell large quantities to its buyers. With Boeings biggest competitor Airbus unable to compete with the Dreamliner product, Boeing has the chance to take over the market for commercial aircraft. The demand for the Dreamliner is derived demand. Due to customer demand for comfortable fair priced airline travel, the demand for the Dreamliner will increase. Customers demand comfort during air travel and the Boeing Airliner promises added luxuries that will increase customer purchases to those airlines with a Dreamliner aircraft. The chief project manager for the Boeing, Tim Cogan stated, â€Å"It’s not Just an evolutionary step†¦ it borders on revolutionary. † This statement is supported by many industry insiders. Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, p188) With such support, the emotions of the airline companies umped at the chance to place an order even with the understanding that the estimated time for delivery was at least 4 years and there was little research to support some of the added luxury amenities. What examples of the major types of buying situations do you see in the case? Discuss the implications of each in terms of marketing strategy? A new-task purchase i s seen with the Dreamliner due to the fact that it is a new product being sold by Boeing. The buying team is comprised of numerous members and the team must decide on specifications regarding the product. The marketer (Boeing) â€Å"tries to reach as many key buying influences as possible but also provides help and information. † (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, pl 73) The amenities of the Dreamliner will assist the buying team in making a decision whether or not the Dreamliner would be a good investment for the company and if so, how many to order. A straight rebuy is also seen in this case. Boeing listed the airliner at a price of $162 million with few customizable options for its buyers. (i. e. seating arrangements). Many aircraft buyers may have already been customers f Boeing and are familiar with their business. A straight rebuy is defined by Kotler and Armstrong as the buyer reorders something without any modifications. Once the buyer purchases the aircraft the straight rebuy buying situation will result in a quicker sale with fewer individuals making a decision on options and product specifications. List the specific features of the Dreamliner. What customer benefits result from each? PASSENGER BENEFITS: 60% quieter than other planes in its class – It is always nice to sleep on a plane however, when seated near the engine it is difficult to rest due to the noise. Many corporate travelers will enjoy this benefit with the late and early morning travel legs. With the added legroom there will no longer be a need to specifically sit in the isle and more options that will equal the comfort of isle seats will come available. Lighting that automatically adjusts to time zone shifts – Changing time zones can be difficult for anyone Circadian rhythms, which are the internal clock we all have which tells us when we it is time for bed and when it is time to rise. These â€Å"clocks† are not easily adjusted when changing time zones. The Dreamliner will posse lighting that imulates â€Å"sunrise and twilight which will assist its passengers adjust to the change in time zones. † (Micke, 2010) Higher cabin pressure and humidity – reducing common flying symptoms such as headaches, dry mouth, and fatigue. All of these symptoms are not what most passengers look forward to; knowing the Dreamliner decreases these symptoms will make it a preferred aircraft for many passengers. Large overhead storage bins – It is always daunting not knowing if your carry on will fit into the overhead storage bins. We have all witnessed a passenger beating their luggage esperately hoping it will pop in before the flight attendant comes by to take it to be stored in the cargo area. 19 inch self-dimming windows – This is a wonderful feature for those who prefer a window seat but have to fght the sunlight to enjoy their flight. Wireless internet and entertainment system – many travelers use the internet to stay connected while away. This option will give business travelers the ability to complete business while on the road. Time sensitive information can be conducted in-flight and travel will no longer be a burden for business travelers. The non-business travel can stay connected with family and friends to inform of flight status and arrival time. Also, wireless access will assist the passenger with passing the time during air travel. AIRCRAFT BUYER BENEFITS: For the buyer of a Dreamliner Aircraft, the marketing aspect will be a breeze. Passengers are always looking for comfort when flying and this aircraft offers many luxury amenities. Airlines with a Dreamliner in their roster will have the ability to sell luxury air travel to its passengers without the luxury cost. The Dreamliner will offer a ighter aircraft resulting in less fuel needed for flights. This aircraft could replace outdated aircrafts that are no longer economically fit. The 787 will expand non-stop markets for its customers with a â€Å"fuel range of 8,500 nautical miles and a maximum speed of Mach . 5. † (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, p187) Also, the Dreamliner offers passenger capacity of 210 to 330 depending on seating arrangement ordered by the customer. With multiple configurations, the buyer of the aircraft has the option to decide what seating confguration would best meet their airline needs. For example, Southwest Airline only offers economy class, so they would order a Jetliner with one type of seating confguration. There is no need for S outhwest to order a Jetliner with first or business class on a Dreamliner. Other airlines may find it necessary to order multiple aircrafts with different seating arrangement to best meet its marketing and customer needs. Discuss the customer buying process for a Boeing airplane. In what major ways does this process differ from the buying process a passenger might go through in choosing an airline? The buying process for an airline placing an order or a Dreamliner would first have to recognize a need for a new aircraft offering the retire due to age may look at the Dreamliner as good solution to add new innovative products to their fleet. Next the buyer would have to recognize the general specifications and quantity needed of an item. Here a buyer of the aircraft would consult engineers and technical personnel to discuss the options available on the Dreamliner Aircraft. For example, the technical staff should be consulted regarding the wireless entertainment system on a Dreamliner. The control tower may need odifications to ensure interference will not be an issue with this type of system. Product specifications needed to meet the airlines customer and marketing needs would have to be listed. In this process, â€Å"the team decides on the best product characteristics and specifies them accordingly. † (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, p177) As for the Dreamliner, the airline would specify the seat options available. For example, Southwest Airlines only offers economy seating for their passengers. If Southwest chooses to purchase a Dreamliner, they would specify one seating option or their aircraft. Once the order is placed for a Dreamliner, the buyer should conduct a performance review to ensure the product will be delivered on time and to ensure they are aware of any problems that may arise. At this â€Å"stage of the buying process the buyer assesses the performance of the supplier and decides to continue, modify, or drop the arrangement. † (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010, p179) Most passengers choosing an airline are looking for the least expensive direct flight to their destination. The buying process for an airline ticket for a few hundred dollars is ess complex than that of purchasing an aircraft for over one hundred million dollars. Many travelers have a preferred airline and do not shop around for deals. They use the preferred airline and earn air miles towards free flights. As for me, I do not have a preferred airline, however I do enjoy Southwest because of first come first serve seating. Yet, most travelers will look at price first, direct flight possibilities, and airport location before booking a flight. There is little thought that goes into aircraft options when a ticket is purchased. What marketing recommendations would you make to McNerney as he continues to try to resolve the problems with the 787 Dreamliner program? McNerney needs to stay fully involved in the operations of the Dreamliner to ensure all suppliers and manufactures are completing production on time. Performance reviews of the suppliers must be taken seriously and the decision to drop or modify the arrangement must be made in a timely fashion. With 70 percent of the work being outsourced to dozens of partnering firms, he cannot be blinded by incomplete or inaccurate production. The longer it takes to assess the supplier performance the longer the delay in production and delivery will be for the Dreamliner.

Is the brain simply a computer essays

Is the brain simply a computer essays IS THE BRAIN IS SIMPLY A COMPUTER MADE OF MEAT? The brain is simply a computer made out of meat. First and foremost what is a brain and what is a computer? Chambers dictionary (Chambers 21st century dictionary, 1999) defines the brain, as a highly developed mass of nervous tissue that coordinates and controls the activities of the central nervous system of animals. It defines a computer as an electronic device, which processes data at great speed according to a program stored within the device. The brain is conscious and it controls most of the activity done by human such as seeing, feeling, moving, thinking to mention just a few. If the brain is simply a computer made of meat, then the computer should be conscious. Now lets define what we mean by being conscious. According to Chambers dictionary (Chambers 21st century dictionary, 1999) to be conscious is to be awake, alert and aware of ones thoughts and ones surroundings or the part of the mind that is aware of a persons self, surroundings, and thoughts and that to a certain extent determines choices of action. The computer is just a machine and it is not possible for a machine to be conscious. If a machine is conscious then it should be aware of its surroundings. A computer is not aware of its surroundings it can differentiate between being in one room and then taken to another. Now lets look at the question is the brain simply a computer made of meat? in the context of Artificial intelligence. Artificial Intelligence has come a long way from its early roots, driven by dedicated researchers. The beginnings of AI reach back before electronics, to philosophers and mathematicians such as Boole and others theorizing on principles that were used as the foundation of AI Logic. AI really began to intrigue researchers with the invention of the computer in 1943. The technology was finally available, or so it seemed, to simulate i...

Celta Focus on Learner

She followed her husband to the UK with her children. Her husband is doing a PhD. at Oxford University and has a couple of years further study before he finishes. xxxxx is currently working at Primark as a shop assistant. She learnt some basic English while at school, however much of this was listening, reading and writing based and the opportunity to speak with fluent English speakers was limited. Her motivation to improve is initially based on her need to communicate better at work and in everyday life activities, such as shopping. She would also like to do some further study in England but realises that her level of English needs to improve before she would be accepted onto a course. She sees the benefits of her improvement and this motivates her to learn more. She is very much a concrete learner. She enjoys the oral interaction and believes this is how she learns most effectively. She believes her strengths are in reading and listening. She says she understands most things she reads and hears but struggles when trying to express herself orally. She believes her vocabulary could be significantly improved; and from listening to her I believe her pronunciation could also be improved. Part of the reason for this is her lack of social interaction with native English speakers and also her lack of confidence as she believes this is her weakness. However the challenges of a Nepalese person to differentiate some consonant clusters, stress values, vowel sounds and diphthongs alluded to below needs to be taken into consideration. xxxx enjoys the oral interaction exercises most of all. She doesn’t particularly dislike anything in the lessons, referring only to doing nothing while waiting for others to finish an exercise. Analysis To help xxxxx I believe some focus on speaking to give here more practice and improve her confidence would be appropriate. Also some work on pronunciation would be beneficial. xxxxx tends to be monotonic and sometimes mumbles (maybe due to her lack of confidence) so I believe an exercise forcing attention to stress and maybe intonation would be helpful. I noticed in our chat, and also in lessons, that she uses present simple forms when past simple is the correct form. For example she will say we speak about or we talk about rather than we spoke about or we talked about. I will address improving speaking as a skill and incorporate into this the correct use of past simple. I will address pronunciation as a language area. In particular stress. The extract for a NELTA Journal below gives an example of the challenges a Nepalese person encounters when pronouncing English words. Activities Speaking For improvement of speaking I have selected 2 exercises from 700 Class Room Activities Instant Lessons for Busy Teachers by David Seymour and Maria Popova. These are speaking exercises with an emphasis on past simple forms. Sequences p 93 – this is an interactive exercise where the students take it in turns to ask and reply to questions relating to what they have done in the past. This will encourage speaking with a partner and provide for a good feedback section where the students relay what they have found out about their partner’s past activities and give the teacher a good opportunity to also correct grammar and pronunciation. The Last Time p94 – this exercise places students into pairs where they take it in turns to ask each other â€Å"when was the last time they did a particular activity†. This exercise promotes an excellent opportunity for speaking and again the promotion of the correct us of the past simple form. Feedback session would enable the teacher to correct any grammar and pronunciation errors. Pronunciation For improvement of pronunciation I will address stress as the key area. I have selected Pronunciation: Stress from Just Right Upper Intermediate by Jeremy Harmer and Carol Lethaby. Exercises 26 to 30 on p 12. In exercise 26 the students listen to some sentences and circle the words which are stressed. Exercise 27 gives the students an opportunity to then repeat these sentences using the same stresses. There is also opportunity in feedback to move the stress points around and gain input from the students on which other variations could be used and when. Exercise 28 gives the students practice in the use and emphasis of â€Å"so† and â€Å"such† in response to bad news. Drilling them to apply the appropriate stress would be employed. Exercise 29 is a pairs exercise giving the students turns in using appropriate stress in sentences expressing sympathy. This will give the students an opportunity to practice and reinforce what they have learnt in the lesson so far. Feed back to the class enables the teacher to correct and drill where necessary. Exercise 30 is a variation on 29 but where the student has to be more creative and devise their own scenarios. Again the exercise reinforces the lesson learning points.

The new way for process sales Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The new way for process sales - Essay Example oup-level resistance which includes resistance to change due to group norms, group cohesiveness and groupthink and escalation of commitment; as well as 3) individual-level resistance which includes resistance to change due to uncertainty and in security, selective perception and retention as well as habits (Bushman, M., 2008; George et al.). In an organization, when change threatens jobs, power or status in an organization, when threat is perceived to be so real and large, resistance can be expected. Absence of consultation before effecting change can result to negative acceptance of the proposed change. When introducing a change, it is important that it is properly communicated. Rewards and possible benefits for adopting change should be fair enough for the adjustments as well as investments involved. The common cause for resistance is the parochial self-interest. When this change deviates from the self-interest of the people involve, expect resistance to crop up. Another cause of resistance to change can be misunderstanding and lack of trust. People would usually look for hidden agenda in a change proposal. When there is misunderstanding on the objectives behind a change, increasing resistance can be observed (Rogers and Shoemaker, 1971). Another cause of resistance to change is contradictory assessments and low tolerance for change. When the proposed change conflict the assessments of the people, there is a tendency to prove that their assessment is the opposite of those proposing the change. There also people who have low tolerance for change. Once these people reach a level when they can accept change anymore, the tendency is to repel the change since they cannot take more of it (Worren et al., 1999). Other reason for resistance is when the elements of the organization feel threaten. If the elements in the organization feel that their status or security is threaten (loss of comfort, pay or status), they would naturally repel change. Another reason for